vegetative asexual reproduction

runner

horizontal stem above ground

rhizome

horizontal stem under ground

corm

short, thick stem underground

tuber 

enlarged tip of a slender underground 

bulb

short underground stem with fleshy leaves 

runner example 

strawberry 

rhizome

bermuda grass

corm

gladiolus

tuber

potato

bulb

onion, lily

parthenogenesis

embryo develops without fertilization

vegetative propagation

new plants grow from a parent plant

tissue culture propagation

making clones from parent plant

upward growth

epicotyl or coleoptile by phototropism 

downward growth 

radicle or hypocotyl by gravitropism 

meristems

dividing stem cells/ responsible for growth

apical meristems

located at the tips of shoots and roots 

3 primary meristems 

protoderm, ground meristem, pro cambium 

protoderm 

forms epidermis 

ground meristem

forms bulk of plant

pro cambium

forms vascular system

primary growth

length

secondary growth

thickness of plant

lateral meristems 

thickening of stems and roots 

vascular cambium

ring of tissue that adds width to plant 

wood 

secondary xylem 

thick ring

wet year

thin ring

dry year

heartwood

older/darker wood that provides support 

sapwood 

younger/xylem transports water 

cork cambium

forms protective outer layer (produces cork cells) 

bark

contains: secondary phlegm, cork cambium, cork

girdling plants

removing bark from plants

xylem transport

goes from roots upward

adhesion

water molecules sticking to walls of xylem tube s

cohesion

water molecules sticking to each other

phloem transport (mass flow)

sugar move in the phloem via mass flow

source

sugars loaded into phloem at the source

osmosis

increases sugar concentration causing water to move into phloem

bulk flow 

high pressure drives sugary liquid

sink 

sugars are unloaded at a sink - reduces pressure

nitrogen fixation

abiotic, biotic

abiotic

lightening, fertilizer

biotic

bacteria

root nodules and symbiotic bacteria

are specialized structures in some plants, such as legumes, that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria, converting atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by plants.

biotic fixation

is the process by which certain organisms, primarily bacteria, convert atmospheric nitrogen into biologically available forms through symbiotic relationships with plants.

abiotic fixation 

refers to the non-biological processes that convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms, typically involving physical or chemical methods such as lightning or industrial processes.