Human Development in Psychology

This is a collection of flashcards summarizing key concepts from the lecture on Human Development in Psychology.

What are the three stages of prenatal development?

The germinal stage, embryonic stage, and fetal stage.

What does the term 'nature-nurture issue' refer to?

The debate about whether genetics (nature) or environment (nurture) significantly influences behavior.

What is the age of viability in prenatal development?

About 24 weeks, when the fetus can potentially survive outside the womb.

What is Down syndrome caused by?

An extra 21st chromosome.

What are teratogens?

Environmental agents that may harm the embryo during prenatal development.

What are the three infant temperamental styles?

Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.

What is secure attachment?

When parents serve as a supportive base from which the child can explore.

What does Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development emphasize?

Development through stages characterized by different psychological crises.

What is Piaget's preoperational stage?

A stage (ages 2 to 6-7 years) where children develop symbolic thinking but lack conservation.

What does the zone of proximal development refer to in Vygotsky's theory?

The gap between what a child can do independently and what they can do with guidance.

How does Kohlberg define the preconventional stage of moral reasoning?

Morality defined by adherence to rules to avoid punishment.

What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

A condition caused by a mother's chronic alcohol use during pregnancy.

What are the characteristics of gross motor skills?

Skills that involve large muscle groups, like running, walking, and jumping.

What is the main focus of Gilligan's theory?

That males and females judge right and wrong differently, with males emphasizing fairness and females emphasizing care.

What is the significance of the embryonic stage in prenatal development?

The formation and development of major organs and systems.

What is the definition of grief?

The emotional response to the loss of a loved one.

What are the five stages in Kübler-Ross's model of emotional reactions to death?

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

What differentiates between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence?

Intelligence relies on cognitive processing skills

What are the indications of attachment formed by infants?

Behaviors such as separation anxiety and the preference for the caregiver’s presence.

What are Baumrind's identified parenting styles?

Authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and neglectful.