bio 207 chapter 1: the science of marine biology

marine biology

the scientific study of the plants, animals, and other organisms that live in the ocean

Pacific Islanders (history)

had strange 3D maps of the Pacific Ocean made of shells and sticks

consummate mariners

used clues like wind, wave and current patterns to navigate

Phoenicians

the first accomplished Western navigators
by 2000 B.C., they were sailing around the Mediterranean and Red Seas, eastern Atlantic and Indian Oceans

Aristotle

ancient Greek philosopher, considered to be the first marine biologist
described many marine organisms, knew that gills are the breathing apparatus of fish

Dark Ages

500’s to late 1300’s, almost all exploration of the oceans came to a half in Western Europe
knowledge of ancient Greeks was lost or distorted, Vikings and Arabs continued to explore the world outside of Europe

Vikings

9th and 10th centuries, continued to explore North Atlantic
Leif Eriksson

Leif Eriksson

995 A.D., discovered Vinland (present day North America)

Arab traders

active in the Middle Ages, voyaging to eastern Africa, southeast Asia and India

The Renaissance

spurred many Europeans to explore the world beyond Europe
Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, accurate maps

Captain James Cook

embarked on the first real scientific expedition of the oceans in 1768
undertook 3 voyages, was the first to make scientific observations along the way, carried a full time naturalist, first to use a chronometer

naturalist

documented creatures and phenomena during an exploration of the seas

HMS Beagle

sailed in 1831 from England on a 5 year expedition around the world
Charles Darwin was the naturalist

Charles Darwin

used what he observed on the HMS Beagle to propose radical new scientific theories, proposed the modern theory of evolution based on natural selection and adaptation, theory of atoll formation, used fine nets to capture plankton, wrote sicnetici paper (treatise) on barnacles tat is still used today

HMS Challenger

claims the title of the world’s first totally scientific oceanographic expedition, mission was to gather detailed and consistent observations of oceanographic phenomena across as much of the ocean as possible, collected data from 362 stations, discovered Marianas Trench (Challenger Deep) at 26,850 feet

Henri Milne Edwards and Victor Andouin

1826, pioneered the practice of observing sea life at the seashore
provided an opportunity to study living specimens
no permanent facilities
liit to amount of equipment taken along

Stazione Zoologica

first marine laboratory
Naples, Italy in 1872

Marine Biological Society of the UK

founded at Plymouth, England in 1879

Marine Biological Laboratory

founded in Woods Hole, Massachusetts in 1888, and is one of the worlds most prestigious laboratories

sonar

Sound Navigation Ranging, introduced after WW2

scuba

invented in 1943 by Jacqued Cousteau and Emile Gagnan
Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus, limited to shallow water

ROVs

remotely operated vehicles, greatly extended the depth at which humans can explore the ocean

satellites

allows tracking of ocean conditions, such as salinity, temperature, water clarity, algae growth, and pollution

Aquarius

the world’s only underwater marine science laboratory located in the Florida Keys Marine Sanctuary, exists at a depth of about 20 meters

scientific method

observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experimentation, conclusion

induction

the scientist has no idea of what the conclusion might be

deduction

scientists begin with a general statement that predicts what the conclusion might be, the statement may be as a result of induction