Studied by 1 person
motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
instinct
complex behavior that is ridgedly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
instinct theory
behaviors, thoughts, and emptions are innate and serve as a survival mechanism
physiological need
basic bodily requirements; clothing, water, food, houses
drive-reduction theory
idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state that motivates the organism to satisfy the need
homeostasis
tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
incentive
positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivates behavior
overjustification effect
when an instrensic motivation is diminished by preforming an action for extrensic motivators
optimal arousal theory
idea that individuals are motivated to seek a specific level of physiological arousal
yerkes-dodson law
principle that preformance increases with arousal only up to a point beyond which preformance decreases
abraham maslow
humanistic psychologist
maslows heirarchy of needs
biological and physiological needs
saftey needs
love and belongingness needs
esteem needs
self-actualization needs
biological and physiological needs
air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep
saftey needs
protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear
love and belongingness needs
friendship, intimacy, affection and love- from work group, family, friends, romantic relationships
esteem needs
achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, self-respect, respect from others
self-actualization needs
realizing personal potential, self-fullfilment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences
glucose
blood sugar
insulin
hormone secreted by the pancreas that controls blood glucose levels
hypothalamus
lateral hypothalamus makes people hungry, and the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus satisfys hunger
orexin/hypocretins
hunger triggering hormone released by the hypothalamus
leptin
protein hormone secreted by fat cells, when abundent in increases metabolism and decreases hunger
PYY
digestive tract hormone that signals “i am not hungry”
ghrelin
in your stomach and sends “im hungry” signals to the brain
set point
weight thermostat, a point at which a persons weight may be set
basal metabolicrate
the bodies resting rate of energy output
asexual
having no sexual attraction to others
estrogens
levels have coorelated with sexual motivation, most important female sex hormone
alfred kinsey
researched sexual behavior in males and females
kinsey scale
scale of heterosexual to homosexual behaviors
william masters
OBGYN
virginia johnson
research assistant/ masters mistress
sexual response cycle
created the theory that there are 4 stages of sexual response. -excitement, platoe, orgasm, resolution
refactory period
resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot acheive another orgasm
bassons nonlinear model of sexual response
criticism of masters and johnsons sexual response cycle
affilliation need
the need to build relationships and feel part of a group
ostracism
deliberate social exclusion of individuals and groups
narcissicm
excessive self love and self absorbtion
achievement motivation
desire for significant accomplishment for mastery of skills or ideas for control and for ataining a high standard
grit
passion and perserverence in pursuit of longterm goals
emotion
a response of the whole organism involving 1. psychological arousal, 2. expressive behaviors, 3. concious experience
james-lange theory
the experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion arousing stimulus
-perception of emotion-arousing stimulus
-specific physiological changes
-interpretation of physiological changes as the emotion
cannon-bard theory
that an emotion arousing stimulus simutaneously triggers physiological responses and teh subjective experience of emotion
-perception of emotion, arousing stimulus
-thalamus to cortex: emotional response
-thalamus to hypothalamus: physiological change
two factor theory
to experience emotion one must be physiologically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
-stimulus → arousal → cognitively label → emotion
schachter-singer
a concious cognitive label
zajonc/ledoux
believed that some events lead straight to an emotion
spillover effect
idea that emotions of another individual or another situation cant effect emotional responses
insula
neural center- deep in the brain, associated with broad emotions
polygraph
machine-used in an attempt to detect lies by measuring physiological responses accompaning emotions
universal emotions
theory that a list of emotions all human beings experience and express
paul ekman
came up with universal emotions
anger
-eyebrows pulled down
-upper lids pulled down
-lower lids pulled up
-margins of lips rolled in
-lips may be tightened
fear
-eyebrows pulled up and together
-upper eyelids pulled up
-mouth stretched
disgust
-eyebrows pulled down
-nose wrinkled
-upper lip pulled up
-lips loose
contempt
-eyes neutral
-lip corner pulled up and back on one side only
joy
-muscle around the eyes tightened
-”crows feet” wrinkles around eyes
-cheeks raised
-lip corners raised diagonally
sadness
-inner corners of eyebrows raised
-eyelids loose
-lip corners pulled down
surpise
-entire eyebrow pulled up
-eyelids pulled up
-mouth hangs open
gender and expressiveness
women are more liklet ro express emotion
gender empathy
women have more empathy then men
facial feedback effect
tendency of facial muscle states to trigger cooresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or joy
behavior feedback effect
tendency of behavior to influence our own and others thoughts, feelings, and actions
stress
process by which we percieve and respond to certain events that we appraise as threatening or challenging
stress appraisal
how we percieve events as either threatening or challenging based on our available resources
stressors
events appraised as either threatening or challenging
kurt lewin motivational conflicts theory
→approach approach conflict
→avoidance avoidance conflict
→approach avoidance conflict
approach approach conflict
stressful situations with 2 attractive by incompatible goals
avoidance avoidance conflict
when the stressor is 2 unattractive options spp
approach avoidance conflict
conflict with both attractive and unnatractive consequences
cortison-gulucocorticoid
stress hormone
general adaptation syndrome (Hans Selye)
bodys adaptive response to stress in 3 phases. alarm, resistance, exaustion
alarm stage
a person mobilizes their resources in response to a stressor
resistance stage
when an individual copes with a stressor
exaustion stage
when an individuals reserves for dealing with a stressor are depleted
DNA destruction
telomeres- protective caps on ends of DNA
tend- and - befriend response
under stress, people, especially women often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others
psychophysiological illnesses
any sort of bodily response to psychological issues
psychoneuroimmunology
how psychological, neural, and indicrine systems together affects the immune system and resulting health
lymphocyte T
attack cancer celss, viruses and foreign substances
lympocyte B
release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
macrophage
big eater, identify, pursue, and ingest harmful invaders and worn out cells
NK cells
“natural killer”- attack diseased cells such as those infected by viruses or cancer
stress and colds
people who report higher levels of stress report more colds
coronary heart disease
clogging of teh vessels that nourish the heart muscle
friedman and rosenman- Type A
hardriving, impatient, verbally aggressive, anger prone
friedman and rosenman- Type B
easy going and relaxed
catharsis
idea that releasing aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges
pessimism
when someone looks at the negatives of a stressor
optimism
believes in positivity always
excessive optimism/ optimism bias
toxic form of optimism in which an indivicual overlooks legitament obsticles
oxytocin
social bonding hormone, tend to have greater amounts in optimists
aerobic exercise
sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness. also helping to alleviate depression and anxiety
medittion
reflective practice in which peope attend to current experiences in a non judgemental and accepting manner
faith factor
religously active people live longer and are in better physical health then non religious people
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
peoples tendency to be helpful when in a good mood
positive psychology
martin seligman- created idea of positive psychology and the scientific study of human flourishing with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help communities and individuals thrive
subjective well-being
self percieved happiness or satisfaction with life a
daptation-level phenomenon
our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experiences
relative deprivation
the perception that one is worse off in comparison with those who they are comparing themselves
personality
individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
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