psych test unit 7 modules 52-64

motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

instinct

complex behavior that is ridgedly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

instinct theory

behaviors, thoughts, and emptions are innate and serve as a survival mechanism

physiological need

basic bodily requirements; clothing, water, food, houses

drive-reduction theory

idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state that motivates the organism to satisfy the need

homeostasis

tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

incentive

positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivates behavior

overjustification effect

when an instrensic motivation is diminished by preforming an action for extrensic motivators

optimal arousal theory

idea that individuals are motivated to seek a specific level of physiological arousal

yerkes-dodson law

principle that preformance increases with arousal only up to a point beyond which preformance decreases

abraham maslow

humanistic psychologist

maslows heirarchy of needs

1. biological and physiological needs
2. saftey needs
3. love and belongingness needs
4. esteem needs
5. self-actualization needs

biological and physiological needs

air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep

saftey needs

protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear

love and belongingness needs

friendship, intimacy, affection and love- from work group, family, friends, romantic relationships

esteem needs

achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, self-respect, respect from others

self-actualization needs

realizing personal potential, self-fullfilment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences

glucose

blood sugar

insulin

hormone secreted by the pancreas that controls blood glucose levels

hypothalamus

lateral hypothalamus makes people hungry, and the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus satisfys hunger

orexin/hypocretins

hunger triggering hormone released by the hypothalamus

leptin

protein hormone secreted by fat cells, when abundent in increases metabolism and decreases hunger

PYY

digestive tract hormone that signals “i am not hungry”

ghrelin

in your stomach and sends “im hungry” signals to the brain

set point

weight thermostat, a point at which a persons weight may be set

basal metabolicrate

the bodies resting rate of energy output

asexual

having no sexual attraction to others

estrogens

levels have coorelated with sexual motivation, most important female sex hormone

alfred kinsey

researched sexual behavior in males and females

kinsey scale

scale of heterosexual to homosexual behaviors

william masters

OBGYN

virginia johnson

research assistant/ masters mistress

sexual response cycle

created the theory that there are 4 stages of sexual response. -excitement, platoe, orgasm, resolution

refactory period

resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot acheive another orgasm

bassons nonlinear model of sexual response

criticism of masters and johnsons sexual response cycle

affilliation need

the need to build relationships and feel part of a group

ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals and groups

narcissicm

excessive self love and self absorbtion

achievement motivation

desire for significant accomplishment for mastery of skills or ideas for control and for ataining a high standard

grit

passion and perserverence in pursuit of longterm goals

emotion

a response of the whole organism involving 1. psychological arousal, 2. expressive behaviors, 3. concious experience

james-lange theory

the experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion arousing stimulus

\-perception of emotion-arousing stimulus

\-specific physiological changes

\-interpretation of physiological changes as the emotion

cannon-bard theory

that an emotion arousing stimulus simutaneously triggers physiological responses and teh subjective experience of emotion

\-perception of emotion, arousing stimulus

\-thalamus to cortex: emotional response

\-thalamus to hypothalamus: physiological change

two factor theory

to experience emotion one must be physiologically aroused and cognitively label the arousal

\-stimulus → arousal → cognitively label → emotion

schachter-singer

a concious cognitive label

zajonc/ledoux

believed that some events lead straight to an emotion

spillover effect

idea that emotions of another individual or another situation cant effect emotional responses

insula

neural center- deep in the brain, associated with broad emotions

polygraph

machine-used in an attempt to detect lies by measuring physiological responses accompaning emotions

universal emotions

theory that a list of emotions all human beings experience and express

paul ekman

came up with universal emotions

anger

\-eyebrows pulled down

\-upper lids pulled down

\-lower lids pulled up

\-margins of lips rolled in

\-lips may be tightened

fear

\-eyebrows pulled up and together

\-upper eyelids pulled up

\-mouth stretched

disgust

\-eyebrows pulled down

\-nose wrinkled

\-upper lip pulled up

\-lips loose

contempt

\-eyes neutral

\-lip corner pulled up and back on one side only

joy

\-muscle around the eyes tightened

\-”crows feet” wrinkles around eyes

\-cheeks raised

\-lip corners raised diagonally

sadness

\-inner corners of eyebrows raised

\-eyelids loose

\-lip corners pulled down

surpise

\-entire eyebrow pulled up

\-eyelids pulled up

\-mouth hangs open

gender and expressiveness

women are more liklet ro express emotion

gender empathy

women have more empathy then men

facial feedback effect

tendency of facial muscle states to trigger cooresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or joy

behavior feedback effect

tendency of behavior to influence our own and others thoughts, feelings, and actions

stress

process by which we percieve and respond to certain events that we appraise as threatening or challenging

stress appraisal

how we percieve events as either threatening or challenging based on our available resources

stressors

events appraised as either threatening or challenging

kurt lewin motivational conflicts theory

→approach approach conflict

→avoidance avoidance conflict

→approach avoidance conflict

approach approach conflict

stressful situations with 2 attractive by incompatible goals

avoidance avoidance conflict

when the stressor is 2 unattractive options spp

approach avoidance conflict

conflict with both attractive and unnatractive consequences

cortison-gulucocorticoid

stress hormone

general adaptation syndrome (Hans Selye)

bodys adaptive response to stress in 3 phases. alarm, resistance, exaustion

alarm stage

a person mobilizes their resources in response to a stressor

resistance stage

when an individual copes with a stressor

exaustion stage

when an individuals reserves for dealing with a stressor are depleted

DNA destruction

telomeres- protective caps on ends of DNA

tend- and - befriend response

under stress, people, especially women often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others

psychophysiological illnesses

any sort of bodily response to psychological issues

psychoneuroimmunology

how psychological, neural, and indicrine systems together affects the immune system and resulting health

lymphocyte T

attack cancer celss, viruses and foreign substances

lympocyte B

release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

macrophage

big eater, identify, pursue, and ingest harmful invaders and worn out cells

NK cells

“natural killer”- attack diseased cells such as those infected by viruses or cancer

stress and colds

people who report higher levels of stress report more colds

coronary heart disease

clogging of teh vessels that nourish the heart muscle

friedman and rosenman- Type A

hardriving, impatient, verbally aggressive, anger prone

friedman and rosenman- Type B

easy going and relaxed

catharsis

idea that releasing aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges

pessimism

when someone looks at the negatives of a stressor

optimism

believes in positivity always

excessive optimism/ optimism bias

toxic form of optimism in which an indivicual overlooks legitament obsticles

oxytocin

social bonding hormone, tend to have greater amounts in optimists

aerobic exercise

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness. also helping to alleviate depression and anxiety

medittion

reflective practice in which peope attend to current experiences in a non judgemental and accepting manner

faith factor

religously active people live longer and are in better physical health then non religious people

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

peoples tendency to be helpful when in a good mood

positive psychology

martin seligman- created idea of positive psychology and the scientific study of human flourishing with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help communities and individuals thrive

subjective well-being

self percieved happiness or satisfaction with life a

daptation-level phenomenon

our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experiences

relative deprivation

the perception that one is worse off in comparison with those who they are comparing themselves

personality

individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting