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What was the industrial effects of increased car ownership?
Car factories expanded and employed more workers so
They produce more spare parts so
More raw materials are needed such as steel, rubber, glass and leather so
This increased production in the raw materials industries so
They employed more workers so
Wages went up and car prices went down so
More people could afford them so demand increased
What was the impact of increased car ownership on associated supplies?
Cars needed petrol to run and mechanics to maintain them
Mechanics' workshops and car dealerships sprang up along the roads often with filling stations attached
What was the impact of car ownership on roads?
Roads were improved and expanded
How did the amount of roads change between 1917 and 1980?
1917- 2,925,000 miles of public road 1980- 3,860,000 miles of public road
How did the amount of people without a car change?
1960- 21.5% 1980- 12.1%
What was the impact of increased car ownership on mobility?
People could travel more widely and there were more roads
Diners and motels sprung up
Cars helped people to travel the country faster and more cheaply than trains
There was a rise in travelling salesmen who were able to travel over a wider area
What was the impact of increased car ownership on shopping?
It allowed for the development of shopping malls with the first one opening worldwide in Minneapolis in 1956
How many motels were there in 1958?
56,000
How many malls were built between 1960 and 1980?
30,000
What was the impact of increased car ownership on entertainment?
There were a growing number of national drive in restaurants chains as well as fast food chains
Drive in theatres became popular particularly with teens though they only really worked in dry, warm climates
Why were fast food chains liked?
Because they were child friendly and you didn't have to dress up to attend
How many drive ins were there by 1954?
3800
What was the impact of increased car ownership on tourism?
People could now make trips to major cities and go to attractions like Disneyland
They could go to National Parks and camp over the weekend
People began to look for their favourite fast food restaurants as they became nation wide chains
What problems did increased car ownership cause?
-Non car infrastructure began to shrink
Rail travel was only convenient if you wanted to go to major cities and it was often expensive so not an option for the poor
Buses carried millions of people but they were slow and often crowded
Pollution became an issue as well as heavy traffic
What happened with air travel in 1915?
A seaplane flew from St Petersburg to Georgia carrying one passenger at a time for $5
What did the Kelly Act (1925) do for air travel?
It set out national routes for mail delivery Many of the companies who were contracted to take the mail also put in seats for passengers
When was the first passenger airline guide?
1929 and it lists the schedules of 300 flights by 35 airlines
How long on average did it take for a travel agent to book a flight in 1940?
90 minutes because there were so many passengers trying to book seats on flights
When was the first pressurised compartment aeroplane?
1940
What did the start of the Cold War mean for air travel?
That the US were in competition with the USSR about who could make the fastest technological advancements
What did the end of WW2 mean for air travel?
It brought around lots of changes with first tanker design from the war being adapted to become the first US passenger jet (Boeing 707)
What happened in 1956?
2 passenger planes crashed over the Grand Canyon as a result of the increasing number of both aeroplanes and flights available
What was set up in 1958 and why?
The Federal Aviation Administration to run the air traffic control system and manage the needs of all the airlines
What happened with air travel in 1969?
The Boeing 747 had its first flight with 450 passengers
What did an increase in air travel lead to in the 70s?
Middle class people could now afford to fly so it was no longer restricted to the wealthy
How many Americans went abroad in 1970?
5,260,000
What happened with air travel in 1978?
The Airline Deregulation Act ended federal control over airlines which included ticket pricing, routes, buyouts and mergers It meant that many airlines could lower their prices and cut services
What did the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 do?
It set the legal maximum of 40 hour work week It also set a minimum wage and overtime rules
Why did some people not have access to leisure time in the 20s and 30s?
The Depression meant that they wouldn't have the disposable income to spend on leisure activities
Even in the times of prosperity, poor Americans wouldn't have had the time to spend on leisure activities
Due to Jim Crow laws in the South, minorities might not have been able to access to facilities to enjoy these leisure activities
Why did leisure time increase in the 20s and 30s?
Many workers settled into jobs with shorter hours and a higher hourly rate than pre war jobs
Lower taxes meant that people had more take home pay
The boom of automobiles meant that people could go further with their leisure time
Prohibition led to speakeasies where people would gamble and drink illegally
How did the availability of the cinema change around the country in the 30s?
Big cities such as New York had hundreds of cinemas in a variety of sizes However, in more rural areas there was a limited number by the 30s In the South, the theatres were segregated either with separate cinemas or different seating areas
What did the expansion of the movie industry lead to in the 20s and 30s?
It created an employment boom for workers in the movie industry, the building industry and the service industries that fed and housed the workers
What did growing car ownership lead to in terms of leisure in 20s and 30s?
People could get to National Parks to camp and hike in a back to nature experience People could also get to amusement parks for the day which were competing to have the best and scariest rollercoaster ride
How did spectator sports change in the 20s and 30s?
They increased rapidly and with the rise of radios more people wanted to be at the games rather than just listening to the radio
How did the Rose Bowl Stadium change from 1922 to 1928?
It was an American football stadium that originally had seats for 57000 in 1922 but it had to be enlarged in 1928 to 76,000
What sports could Americans watch in the 20s?
Professional Baseball College football Horse racing Dog racing Boxing Basketball Hockey
How did baseball change in the 20s and 30s?
It was the most popular spectator sport and radio broadcasts led to more people wanting to watch it Baseball was organised into minor and major leagues
Who was the most popular baseball team in the 20s?
The New York Yankees due to their star player Babe Ruth Attendance at games increased by almost a million for the year from 1917 to 1920
How did the WW2 change sports in the US?
National teams were told by Roosevelt to carry on playing for morale but many of the players went off to fight Women took over their roles and formed their own sporting teams eg. the All American Girls Professional Baseball League played from 1943 to 1954
Who were white collar workers?
Office workers who were usually paid better and had shorter working hours than blue collar workers
Why did Americans have more money to spend on leisure in the 50s and 60s?
There were paid holidays
The 40 hour working week
Wage regulation
Labour saving devices
Changes in manufacturing
There were more white collar workers
40% of married women worked
What did the poor working families have access to in terms of leisure in the 50s and 60s?
They could listen to sport on the radio or even buy cheap tickets to sports events or the movies
The growth in relatively cheap fast food meant that people could afford to eat out occasionally
What leisure activities became popular in the 50s?
Theme parks and waterparks
Bowling alleys
Golf courses
Tennis courts
Shopping malls
When did Disneyland open?
1955 in Anaheim Southern California
How did spectator sports change by the 80s?
The vast amount of spectator sports were televised so the attendance at games became reduced All but the very poor had access to a television so they could watch the games for free rather than paying for a ticket
How much did the richest 1 percent control the country's wealth in 1949 compared to 1956?
1949- 20.8% 1956- 26%
What happened with the gap between the rich and poor in the 60s?
It became more marked
How did wages differ in 1968 vs 1978?
An average worker: $6370 a year to $ 12,962 a year A CEO : $157,000 a year to $373,000
How did racial divisions impact the average family income in 1960?
White : $5835 a year Black: $3230
How did government policy help with non white Americans struggling to get work?
It was limited but when it was passed it often led to black workers being hired for racial reasons rather than for their ability
What did the progression of black Americans in certain careers lead to?
A black middle class 27% of all black workers in 1970
How many Americans were living below the poverty line?
12% of white Americans 41% of non white Americans
What happened during the period of white migration to the suburbs in the 50s?
Non whites tended to migrate to the cities where they lived in run down conditions
What was Housing Commissioner Roger Starr's policy?
'Planned shrinkage' He closed subway stations, police stations, fire stations and schools in the rundown areas in the hope of reducing their population
What was the impact of Starr's policy?
It actually worsened the problem he was trying to fix
What did Johnson's Great Society policies establish?
It established an independent agency with staff of over 120 and a budget of over $960 million
What was the impact of the Great Society policies?
It caused Congress to extend social welfare to cover more people and pay out more benefits It caused people to complain at the end of the 60s that it was encouraging people to stay on welfare rather than helping them out of poverty
What were CAPs?
Community Action Projects They collected data on the biggest local problems and presented projects to fix them
What was the impact of CAPs?
One successful project was against high infant mortality in Memphis and it was extended across the country
What were the criticisms of CAPs?
The projects often worked to help one community which could lead to heightened racial tensions and violence People criticised it for being solely set up to benefit the non whites
How did Nixon shift his approach to welfare in 1969?
He focused federal aid onto the working poor, the old, children and people with disabilities
What did Nixon dismantle?
Office of Economic Opportunity This process lasted several years due to the wait for projects to run out of funding
What did Nixon do in terms of anti poverty policy?
He enlarged the food stamp programme Linked social security payments to inflation He set up family planning and resources for the poor
What did Nixon encourage the poor to do?
Find work emphasising workfare not welfare
What was the Earned Income Tax Credit?
Nixon It gave the working poor with children up to $400 a year linked to their earning
What was Nixon's Family Assistance Plan (1970)?
It cut welfare payments and was designed to rationalise welfare payments by combining them However it often led to a reduction in the payment recieved
What was the National Consumer Co-operative bank?
It was set up in 1978 by the Carter administration It was set up to give low interest loan to co-operative organisations
It lent money to small local groups who would otherwise have trouble raising the money to start businesses or buy homes
What was the impact of the National Consumer Co-operative bank?
It helped the working poor to improve their position but didn't help the very poorest
What was the Rural Development Loan Fund?
It was set up by Carter just before his 1980 election defeat It extended various forms of help available to farmers by giving low interest loans to rural communities to provide electrification, clinics, farm equipment etc.
What was the impact of the Rural Development Loan Fund?
It only helped the working poor but many communities benefited from both projects
What are the 2 standards of living?
Material Non material
How did the life expectancy of a white man change compared to a black man from 1915 to 1980?
White: 48 to 74.4 Black: 33 to 69.5
How did the average wage of a white man change compared to a black man from 1939 to 1979?
White : $1,200 to $28,000 Black : $500 to $19,000
How many people owned their houses in 1920 compared with 1940?
1920 - 6,700,000 people 1940- 15,200,000
How many people rented their houses in 1920 compared with 1940?
1920 - 12,900,000 1940- 19,600,000
What were the hygiene facilities of houses by 1940?
2.6 % had no toilet 59.7% had an indoor, flushing toilet 69.9% had running water in the house 56.2% had a bath or shower Non white renters in the cities were the most likely to be sharing facilities or to have facilities in need of repair
How many houses had lighting by 1940?
78.7 percent had electric light 20.2% relied on oil lamps 1.1% used has, candles or nothing at all
How did people cook in 1940?
48.8 percent of homes cooked by gas 5.4 percent cooked by electricity 0.4% with no way of cooking at all
How did people heat their homes in 1940?
42 percent of homes had central heating For those without, the most common way was using a stove 11.3 percent had no way of heating their homes at all
How many houses had refrigeration in 1940?
44.1 had an electric fridge 27.4 didn't even have an ice box
How many people owned a radio in 1940?
82.8 percent
How many goods were chain stores selling in the 20s?
21.9 percent of all goods sold in the US
What were the traditional local shops known as ?
Mom and pop stores
What was an example of a chain store?
J.C. Penney who sold furnishing, clothing and household goods
What were 2 positives of chain stores?
It created an American culture because people could buy the same items wherever they were in the country
It could be cheaper than local stores
What were 2 negatives of chain stores?
It often caused local businesses to bankruptcy because they couldn't afford to offer the same prices as the chains
If people didn't own a car, they often couldn't reach these new stores
How did people's spending on food change from 1930 to 1940?
1930: 28.9% was spent on food and 13.4 of that money was on eating out 1940: 21.2 percent on food and 15.1 of that money was spent on eating out
Why did the household appliance market boom between 1917-41?
Newly electrified homes were buying almost as many appliances as the more established homes were
How did Roosevelt help the household appliance market?
He set up the Rural Electrification Administration in 1935 to get electricity to rural areas. In 1939, the REA ran over 100,000 miles of new power lines
What diseases were becoming treatable by 1930?
Diphtheria Smallpox Tuberculosis Whooping cough Polio
Why was there a dip in health in the early 1930s?
People couldn't afford to pay medical bills due to the Depression
How did government spending on healthcare change from 1917 to 1940?
1917- $3,100,000 1930- $11 million 1940- $32,700,000
How did the number of children attending school change?
It went from 21.7% of 14-17 in 1917 to 51.5% in 1929
How did the government help education in the 30s?
Labour legislation passed in 1938 which stopped children under 14 from working in most non agricultural jobs
Who was the exception to labour legislation in the 30s?
Farming as most children in farming families worked while being registered in schools
How much did farmers earn in 1939 in comparison to average white men?
$298.32 which was about a quarter of average white men's wages for the year
How were women consumer targets in the 50s?
They were the targets for labour saving devices
They were also the targets for everyday domestic shopping
They bought more food, drink and domestic supplies than ever before
Women decided what grocery store to visit regularly
Preprepared meals were also a timesaver targeted at women as well as cake mixes
Ready made cakes like Betty Crocker sold the American Dream with a reliable result
How were children the consumer targets in the 50s?
The plastic toy industry grew thanks to development in the plastic industry
Products were advertised around children's programmes on television and radio to promote 'pester power'
In 1955, Day Crockett was a television hero and replica outfits made $100 million from the caps alone
What was the impact of television?
In 1950, 9 percent of homes had a television which jumped to 65% by 1955 and 85% by 1960
The tv dinners were developed after people stopped going out to dinner to be able to watch their favourite shows
In 1948, there were 16 broadcasting stations and by 1954, there were 354 which gave people more choice and appealed to a wider audience
What did critics of tv say?
That it promoted conformity and the need to keep the audience happy led to predictability in adverts and shows
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