APUSH (Final)

First Americans

the people who came to Americas via the Bering Straight; in 6000 BCE Indians began raising crops, maize, which helped encourage population growth, esp. in present day Mexico

Aztec Empire

Tenochtitlan was the capital; trading routes were established throughout the empire; used tribute

tribute

payment (taxes)

maize

major crop throughout Central and North America; found in Mississippi Valley

Eastern Woodlands

villages built around maize fields, also hunted and gathered; women were in charge of crops and played instrumental roles in community affairs; iroquois were matriarchal society

chiefdom

one individual claiming top power

paramount chiefdom

many communities with own local chiefs banded together under one ruler

matriarchal society

power based on female families

Great Plains and Rockies

hunted Buffalo; lack of natural resources made many Indians nomadic; horse introduced by Europe drastically changed life of Plains Indians

Arid Southwest

based on agriculture (maize) and built elaborate irrigation systems (Pueblo Indians)

Pacific Coast

Chinooks were strong warriors, relied heavily on fishing; built elaborate canoes

patterns of trade

many Indians traded w/ each other throughout the Americas; trade fairs b/w nomadic Navajos and Pueblos in SW; maize would be traded for meat, furs; trade united regions, enriched diets, enhanced economics and allowed powerful people to set themselves apart with luxury items

sacred power

animism; indians respected animals they hunted by performing rituals; women and men interacted differently with forces: women grew crops, maintained hearth, home village while men hunted and went to war

animism

religion associated with nature

animists

believed that natural world was suffused with spiritual power, interpreted dreams and visions to understand the world

hierarchy and authority of Western Europe

European families were patriarchal; females gave ump many rights when married

primogeniture

eldest son inheriting most of wealth; later encouraged immigration to colonies

peasant society

poor individuals, mostly farmers, made up most of immigrants to America; half of the children died before 21

expanding trade networks

merchant cities began to grow drastically; guilds helped regulate trade

republics

states that had no prince or king but instead were governed by merchant coalitions

civic humanism

ideology that praised public virtue and service to state and in time profoundly influenced European and American conceptions of gov't

guilds

artisan commercial transactions

Renaissance

cultural transformation from 1300 to 1450 involving arts and learning

myths, religions and holy warriors

Roman Catholic Church had tremendous power in Western Europe, individuals involved in heresies were persecuted

Christianity

grew out of Jewish monotheism, Jesus Christ himself was divine

Islam

religion whose followers considered Muhammad to be God's last prophet

heresies

ideas inconsistent with Christianity

crusades

in AD 1096 and 1291, these were undertaken by Christian armies to reverse Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ lived

Protestant Reformation

-Martin Luther and his 95 Theses which protested the sale of indulgences

-John Calvin and Predestination

-England became Protestant nation

-it weakened the strength of Catholicism in Europe

Counter Reformation

-triggered by Protestant Reformation

-sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders, including Jesuits (soldiers of Christ)

empires, kingdoms, ministrates

-most of African Slave Trade was based out of West Africa, esp. along coastline b/c diseases were in interior

-Kings and Princes regarded as divine

-Ghana, Mali and Songhai Empires used extensive trade routes and used the military to control trade routes and get gold

-The Spirit World: Islam spread trade routes in Africa; many Africans still practiced versions of animism and were polytheistic

trans-Saharan trade

primary avenue of trade for West Africans before European traders connected them to Atlantic empires, it carried slaves and gold to North Africa in exchange for salt and other goods

portuguese expansion

portugal had extensive role in exploration and African Slave Trade; trading posts were established in West Africa

Prince Henry of Portugal

founded center for oceanic navigation, designed better-handling vessel, the caravel

Bartholomeu Dias

rounded Cape of Good Hope, southern tip of Africa

Vasco de Gama

reached East Africa and India, discovered present day Brazil

Sonni Ali

ruler of powerful Songhai Empire

Why did Europeans have little luck exploring the interior of African continent?

1. diseases- malaria

2. interior was well defended

African Slave Trade

-slavery was widespread throughout Europe and Africa

-slaves were used on sugar plantations, particularly yin Carribeans

-in mid-16th cent., African Slave trade expanded drastically and used in South America

Sixteenth century incursions

reconquista and inquisition

reconquista

Spanish Catholics tried to get rid of Muslims in Europe

inquisiton

against alleged Christian heretics

conquistadores

Spanish conquerors

Juan Ponce de Leon

explored coast of Florida

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

1st European to see Pacific Ocean

Christopher Columbus

believed Atlantic Ocean was narrow channel of water, separating Europe from Asia, financed by Ferdinand and Isabella

Hernan Cortes

led 600 men to defeat the Aztecs at Tenochtitlan; many of the Aztecs were defeated by the disease smallpox

Francisco Pizarro

defeated the Incas in Peru

effect(s) of the Spanish invasions

disease and war killed many Indians

sedentary

with individual ownership of land and intensive agriculture

semisedentary

with central fields and villages occupied seasonally

nonsedentary

hunter-gatherers

Chesapeake colonies

Made up of virginia and maryland

Relied heavily on tobacco

Used indentured servants greatly in the 17th century

Encroached onto Indian land after tobacco exhausted their soil

Chattel slavery

Slaves are property

Status of the child would be determined based on the MOTHER not the father (contradictory to English law/patriarchal societies)

Children born to slave owners and slave mothers were automatically slaves

Encomienda system

Harsh but profitable system

Spanish conquistadors received land from the crown

Based almost entirely on Indian slave labor

Casta system

Catholicism and the Spanish language were required.

Most➡️least power:

Peninsulares: pure spaniards born in Spain

Creoles: pure spaniards born in the Americas

Mestizos: Spanish + native ancestry

Mulattos: European + African ancestry

Zambos: African + native ancestry

Colombian exchange

Exchange of goods, people, disease, and ideas between Europe, Africa, and the Americas (cultural diffusion)

New crops introduced to Europe (potato and maize)

Horses introduced to Indians

Native population decreased greatly (up to 90% in some areas)

England/Spain in the 16th century

Spain had been very powerful, but England was rising up and began to built its navy up in the 16th century to challenge Spain

Mercantilism

Purpose: benefit the mother country by exporting more goods than importing

Plantations in the Americas

Grew due to increased demand for sugar and tobacco

As Indian populations decreased, African slave labor was introduced

Jamestown

1607. Was a joint stock company (investors shared in the profits and losses of the colony. Like a business for profit) ➡️ became a royal colony (owned and run by the king) in 1624 where colonists had to pay taxes to support the church of England

The men wanted to get gold

Didn't give the men access to fresh water

Tobacco eventually became a major cash crop

House of Burgesses formed (first representative government in the US. It could make laws and impose taxes, but the governor and the Company council in England could veto its acts). Burgesses eventually took the vote away from landless freemen (1/2 of adult white men)

Governor: Berkeley

After the Indian War of 1622, the king and his ministers appointed the governor and a small advisory council, known as the privy council, which had to approve all of the House of Burgesses' legislation.

Royal colonies

An appointed governor

An elected assembly

A formal legal system

An established Anglican church

Owned and controlled completely by royalty

Proprietary colonies

Colonies where a single family owns them like personal property with full control and ownership rights (including rights normally given only to the state)