APUSH - Chapters 26 & 27

WIP

Rise of the Christian Right

Why:

Unlike other mainstream denominations, Evangelical Protestantism flourished, they were adept at using modern technology (Ex. Mass mailing and televised religious programming) to spread their message.

Effect:

Their expansion also expanded the conservative popular base.

Moral Majority (Christian Right)

What

___ was a political organization founded by Jerry Falwell in the 1970s to promote conservative Christian values and influence American politics.

Evangelicals (Christian Right)

What:

___ are members of a Christian movement that emphasizes personal conversion, the authority of the Bible, and spreading the gospel. They are known for their strong beliefs in evangelism and faith in Jesus Christ.

Christian Coalition (Christian Right)

What:

___ was a prominent political organization within the Christian Right in the United States, founded by Pat Robertson in 1989. It aimed to mobilize conservative Christians for political action and influence.

Goals of the Religious Right

What:

The ___ included promoting conservative Christian values in politics, opposing abortion and same-sex marriage, advocating for prayer in schools, and influencing public policy based on religious beliefs.

Proposition 13

What:

___ was a California ballot initiative sponsored by conservatives passed in 1978 that limited property tax increases.

Effect:

___ led to a significant reduction in property taxes and a shift in the funding of public services. It proved to be good fortune for businesses and homeowners while reducing funds for schools, libraries, and other public services.

Southern Conservative Populists (70s and 80s)

What:

___ were a political group in the southern United States that combined conservative ideologies with populist rhetoric.

Ideals:

___ supported concepts like states' rights, traditional values, anti-federal government intervention, and a focus on local control.

Mikhail Gorbachev and Reforms

What:

___ was the leader of the Soviet Union who created reforms such as Glasnost and Perestroika to make the Soviet economy more efficient and to normalize relations with the West.

Why:

___ did this to address economic stagnation, political corruption, and social unrest, aiming to modernize and revitalize the country.

Glasnost

What:

___ was a policy introduced in the Soviet Union in the 1980s by Mikhail Gorbachev.

Why:

Gorbachev introduced ___ to promote openness and transparency in the Soviet Union, allowing for more freedom of speech, press, and political openness.

Perestroika

What:

___ was a restructuring policy introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union in the 1980s.

Why:

___ aimed to reform the political and economic system by allowing more economic freedom, decentralizing decision-making, and promoting transparency.

Deregulation of Economy

What:

___ (The retreat of government regulation), a policy embraced by the mainly Republican congress, left no one to represent the public interest.

Effects:

This led to scandals in energy, telecommunications, and stock trading. Many stock frauds stemmed from the repeal of the Glass Steagall Act (Prohibited Banks from investing in the Stock Market)

Enron Corporation

What:

___was an American energy company that collapsed in 2001 due to accounting fraud and corruption, leading to one of the largest corporate scandals in history.

Regents of the U.S. vs. Bakke

What:
The courts overturned an admissions program of UC Davis which set aside 16 of 100 places in the class that was entering medical school for minority students.

Why:

This was because the courts rejected the idea of fixed affirmative action quotas, however, race could still be used as a factor in admission decisions.

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)

What:

A treaty negotiated by Bush that created a free-trade zone consisting of Canada, Mexico, and the U.S.

Effect:

___ lowered costs, increased productivity, and improved U.S. competitiveness. However, it also led to a thriving industrial zone on the U.S.’s southern border in Mexico because of the cheaper labor and weak environmental and safety regulations, leading to a decrease in some U.S. jobs.

GATT (General Agreement Trade and Tariffs)

What:

A treaty minimizing barriers to international trade by eliminating or reducing quotas, tariffs, and subsidies. This was signed during Clinton’s presidency

Why:

It was intended to boost economic recovery after World War II.

Title IX

What:

This banned gender discrimination in higher education.

Why:

___ grew out of the Civil Rights and feminist movements of the late 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s

Topics which dominated American Foreign Policy (1980s & 1990s)

1980s:

This period was mainly focused on dealing with communism. This theme is prominent in Reagan’s presidency (1981-1989) in which in his first term he brought back the rhetoric of the Free West versus the Unfree East, sparking a renewal of the arms race. However, in his second term, Reagan established good relations with Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev.

1990s:

Because of Communism’s fall in 1989 (Velvet Revolution), this period mainly focused on America becoming comfortable in its spot as the unquestionable top power. This is seen in George H. W. Bush’s presidency (1989-1993) in which he spoke of a “new world order“ and identified the Gulf War as the first step in creating a world rooted in democracy and global free trade.

Tiananmen Square

What:

Beijing, China 1989, thousands of student protestors filled ___. Workers, teachers, and some government officials joined them.

Why:

They demanded greater democracy in China. They even created a “Goddess of Democracy and Freedom“ statue mirroring that of the Statue of Liberty for their cause.

Outcome:

However, this protest was disbanded two months later in when Chinese troops killed an unknown amount of people.

Velvet Rvolution

What:

The swift and powerful and peaceful collapse of communism after a spread of pro-democracy demonstrations in Eastern Europe. In this, we see the end of the Soviet Union and the fall of the Berlin Wall.

Effects:

Communism was ended in Eastern Europe and Germany was reunified. This also meant that the U.S. would be the undisputed top power.

Iran Contra Scandal

What:

This was the greatest scandal of the Reagan administration. Congress banned U.S. aid to the Contras after the Contras were accused of numerous human rights abuses against the communist Sandinistas (Ex. Killing civilians, torture, rape, and destruction of property). The Reagan administration secretly used money from arms sales to Iran to aid the Contras in Nicaragua against the Sandinistas.

War in the Balkans

What:

Serbians and Muslims were in a civil war because of an ethnic conflict. It was the most complex foreign policy crisis of Clinton’s presidency. Now that the Cold War was over, NATO had a new purpose, resolving the ___. NATO launched airstrikes on Serb forces (Attempted to drive out Muslims and Croats with mass murder and rape as military strategies).

However, the idea of ethnic cleansing (Forcible expulsion from an area of a particular ethnic group) soon resurfaced. This time it was when Yugoslavian troops and local Serbs went against the Albanian population in Kosovo. NATO launched a 2-month war against Yugoslavia.

Computer Revolution

What:

Research for the space program in the 1960s spurred the development of improved computer technology.

Why:

Parts became miniaturized thanks to the development of the microchip in which circuits would be imprinted. This miniaturization widely expanded the spread of computers.

Effects:

Computers transformed American life. They found a place in every kind of business (Entertainment, shopping, and sending/receiving email) and changed people’s private lives.

Three Mile Island

What:

Carter believed that the expanded use of nuclear energy could help reduce dependence on imported oil. However, after a nuclear incident at ___, the expansion of the nuclear energy industry was ended because of environmental concerns.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

What:

___ was an amendment that proposed the banning of discrimination against women in the workspace, with the underlying principle being that sex should not determine the legal rights of men or women. It was revived by second-wave feminists.

Proponents:

Supporters believed that the ___ would guarantee women’s freedom in the public sphere.

Opponents:

Those against ___ believed that freedom of women still resided in the '“divinely” appointed role of wife and mother, claiming that it would also let men off the hook by denying their responsibility to provide for their family.

Outcome:

Polls consistently showed that both men and women welcomed ERA, however, the amendment failed to achieve the ratification of the required 38 states.

Globalization

What:

The process by which people, investments, and culture increasingly flowed across national boundaries.

Proponents:

The World Trade Organization hoped to reduce trade barriers to international commerce and settle trade disputes.

Opponents:

Factory workers believed that global free trade encouraged corporations to shift production to low-wage centers overseas. Environmentalists complained of unregulated economic development’s impact on Earth’s ecology. Anarchists embarked on a window-breaking spree.

Outcome:

After the police arrested hundreds of people, the meeting for ___ was disbanded.

Seattle Protest

What:

Also known as the “antiglobalization” movement, it challenged globalization’s social consequences. 30,000 showed up in Seattle to protest the World Trade Organization’s meeting.

Rodney King

What:

He was an African American who was a victim of police brutality. He was severely beaten by officers of the Los Angeles Police Department during his arrest after a high-speed pursuit for driving while intoxicated on the I-210

Effect:

This event led to riots in LA from 1992-1995. However, the white officers were still acquitted.

Timothy McVeigh

What:

A member of the militant anti-government movement who exploded a federal office in Oklahoma, killing 168 people including children at a daycare center.

Effect:

This act put militant groups into the national spotlight.

Yom Kipper War 1973

What:

An armed conflict fought from October 6th to October 25th of 1973, between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria.

Effect:

The war eventually drew both the U.S. and the Soviet Union into an indirect conflict in order to support their respective allies.

Agencies created during Nixon’s Administration

Nixon spent lavishly on social services and environmental initiatives.

Environmental Protection Agency: Combatted air and water pollution.

Occupational and Safety Administration: Inspected the workplace.

National Transport Safety Board: Instructed automobile makers on how to make their cars safer.

Endangered Species Act: Prohibited spending of federal funds on projects that might extinguish an animal species.

The Burger Court

What:

___ was the Supreme Court led by Warren Burger. People expected it to lead the justices in a conservative direction, however, it consolidated and expanded many 1960 judicial innovations.

Swann vs. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education

What:

Justices unanimously approved a lower court’s plan that required the extensive transportation of students to achieve school integration.

Effect:

Busing became a lightning rod for protests. The Boston Irish American community fought against forcing bussing into their community. School integration created a lot of tension, it was mostly fine, but it was a problem in the South.

San Antonio Independent School District vs. Rodriguez

What:

Ruled that the Constitution did not require equality of school funding.

Effect:

Because of the disparity of wealth between districts, Mexican-American schools stood far below that for white Americans

Milliken vs. Bradley

What:

Justices overturned a lower court order requiring Detroit’s predominantly white suburbs to enter the regional desegregation plan.

Effect:

By absolving suburban districts of integration, the decision guaranteed that housing segregation be mirrored in public education.

Philadelphia Plan

What:

Required that construction contractors on federal projects hire a certain number of minority workers.

Why:

Nixon believed that it would weaken trade unions whose control on construction pushed wages to unreasonable levels.

Blue-Collars:

Trade unions of skilled workers with no black members opposed the ___. In May 1970 a group of construction workers assaulted antiwar demonstrators. Nixon suddenly decided that he might be able to woo blue-collar workers in preparation for his 1972 reelection campaign. So he attacked the very affirmative action goals his administration initiated. He abandoned the ___ for an ineffective one that only stressed voluntary local efforts for minority hiring.

Family Assistance Plan

What:

___ was Nixon’s most startling proposal. It was essentially a negative income tax. It would replace the “Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) by having the federal government guarantee a minimum wage” for all Americans. The AFDC was also known as welfare. The ___ failed to be approved by Congress because it was too radical for conservatives and too inadequate for liberals.

Vietnamization

What:

American troops would gradually be withdrawn while the South Vietnamese would do more and more of the fighting.

Effect:

___ neither limited nor ended the antiwar movement.

Nixon and Detente

What:

Essentially, ___ is the relaxation of strained relations.

Nixon and his Secretary of State, Kissinger, were realists. This meant that they were more focused on power than ideology and preferred international stability rather than relentless conflict.

Nixon hoped that if relations with the Soviet Union improved, they might influence North Vietnam to end the war on acceptable terms.

Ford and Inflation

Cause:

The main cause for inflation during this period was the conflict in the Middle East, in which the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) retaliated against the U.S., leading to higher Oil prices.

Ford:

Ford tried to combat inflation by urging Americans to shop wisely and to wear WIN buttons (Whip Inflation Now). However, this program did not succeed.

Carter’s Foreign Policy

What:

Carter wanted to promote human rights as a centerpiece of American foreign policy. He was influenced by the spread of information about global denials of human rights spread by nongovernmental agencies like Amnesty International and the International League for Human Rights.

Carter and Egypt-Israel

What:

Carter brought both the leaders from Egypt and Israel to Camp David and brokered a historic peace agreement between the two countries.

Carter and the Iranian Hostage Crisis

What:

In 1979, Carter allowed the removed Shah to seek medical treatment in the U.S., Khomeini’s followers then invaded the American Embassy in Tehran and seized 53 hostages. They did not regain their freedom till the end of Carter’s term.

Effect:

The events in Iran made Carter seem helpless and inept, leading to a rapid fall in his popularity.

Malaise Speech

What:

Carter: “It is a crisis that strikes at the very heart and soul of our national will. We can see this crisis in the growing doubt of the meaning of our own lives and in the loss of unity and purpose as a Nation. The erosion of confidence in the future is threatening to destroy the social and political fabric of the nation.”

(Don’t memorize this paragraph…)

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

What:

Soviets sent thousands of troops into Afghanistan to support a friendly government that was threatened by an Islamic rebellion.

Response:

Fearing that the Soviet Union would take control of the oil-rich Persian Gulf, Carter announced the Carter Doctrine, declaring the U.S. would use force if needed to protect their interests in the Persian Gulf.

Carter placed an embargo of grain exports on the Soviets, organized a Western boycott on the 1980 Olympics, and withdrew SALT II from Senate Consideration.

Reagan Doctrine

What:

The United States would provide overt and covert aid to anticommunist guerillas and resistance movements in an effort to “roll back“ Soviet-backed pro-communist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. ___ was designed to diminish Soviet Influence in these regions as a part of a strategy to win the Cold War.

Effect:

Reagan sent foreign troops to Grenada to oust a pro-Cuban government and he ordered the bombing of Libya after an alleged involvement in a terrorist attack killing one American.

Reagan dispatched marines as a peacekeeping force in Lebanon in which a civil war wages between the Christian government and Muslim insurgents. He quickly redrew them after a bomb exploded at their barracks, killing 241 Americans.

Reagan realized the public would support minor operations like Grenada, but were unwilling to sustain heavy casualties abroad like in Lebanon.

Reagan in the 1980 election

What:

Reagan rode the wave of dissatisfaction with the country’s condition and swept into the white house.

Reagan’s campaign was to end stagflation and restore the country’s dominant role in the world and its confidence in itself.

Reagan repeatedly condemned welfare “cheats”, school housing, and affirmative action.

Reaganomics

What:

For Reagan, economic freedom meant curtailing the power of Unions, dismantling regulations, and reducing taxes.

Reagan’s policy of “supply-side“ economics assumed cutting taxes would inspire Americans at all incomes to work harder since they would keep more of the money they earned.

This was characterized by tax cuts and high-interest rates

Effect:

Reaganomics initially created the most severe recession since the 1930s, however, a long period of economic expansion followed.

Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars Program)

What:

___ was a new strategy proposed by Reagan which was based on developing a space-based system to intercept and destroy enemy missiles. The idea was not feasible technologically and if it were deployed it would violate the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972.

Election of 1988

What:

Both political parties ran negative campaigns, ridiculing the other party to make themselves look better. However, Bush received the majority and won the ___

The Gulf War

What:

Iraq invaded and annexed Kuwait, an oil-rich society on the Persian Gulf. Fearing Saddam Hussein would attack Saudi Arabia next (A longtime US ally who supplied a lot of oil) Bush rushed troops to defend Saudi Arabia and warned Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait or face war.

Operation Desert Strom drove the Iraq army from Kuwait.

Clinton’s Political Strategy

What:

Triangulation, or the embracing of most opposing party’s policies, while leaving the opponent with extreme positions that were unpopular among suburbanites.

Example:

When Clinton signed a Republican bill that abolished the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (Commonly known as welfare), replacing it with grants of federal money to the states while setting limits on how long recipients could receive payments.

This strategy allowed him to neutralize Republican claims that Democrats were the party of high taxes and lavish spending on people who preferred dependence rather than labor.

Clinton’s focus on his first term.

What:

Clinton focused on promoting free trade and open markets (globalization).

This is seen in things like NAFTA and GATT

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Free trade between Mexico, Canada, and the U.S.

General Agreement Trade and Tariffs (GATT)/World Trade Organization (WTO)

Helped regulate and lower tariffs for productive trade.

Balkan Crisis

Cause:

Yugoslavia disintegrated after the Communist government running it collapsed. The country’s six provinces then split into five states.

What:

Ethnic conflicts plagues many of these new nations.

Economic Boom in the 1990s.

What:

After recovering from the recession (1990-1991), economic expansion continued for the rest of the 1990s, granting Clinton popularity. Inflation didn’t hit in this period because of the rising worldwide oil production, which kept the cost of energy low.

In this term, Clinton also worked hard to balance the federal budget. In his second term, Clinton balanced the budget while having surpluses.

Presidents’ Terms

Nixon: 1969-1974

Ford: 1974-1977

Carter: 1977-1981

Reagan: 1981-1989

Bush: 1989-1993

Clinton: 1993-2001

Presidents’ Foreign Focus

Nixon- Focussed on the Cold War, hoping to reach detente, or basically international stability.

Ford: Wanted to de-escalate the Cold War and promoting detente.

Carter: Wanted to promote human rights as a centerpiece of American foreign policy

Reagan: In his first term, he brought back the west vs east rhetoric. In his second, he made good relations with Gorbachev.

Bush: Mainly focused on America becoming comfortable in its spot as the unquestionable top power. He focused on the Gulf War

Clinton: Mainly domestic, so he focused mostly on American trade.

Presidents’ Domestic Focus

Nixon: Spend lavishly on social services and environmental administrations. While he supported affirmative action, he also wanted to replace welfare.

Ford: Wanted to Curb inflation and stimulate the economy.

Carter: Dealt with the energy crisis.

Reagan: Implemented supply-side economics and an increase in defense spending.

Bush: Two major tax cuts

Clinton: Economic needs of the nation like unemployment, the runaway deficit, the health care crisis, and welfare reform. He balanced the budget and got surpluses.