APUSH UNIT 1

Migration

first people to settle North America arrived as far as 40,000 years ago, may have crossed on a land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska, successive generations migrated from Arctic Circle to South America, Native Americans then divided into hundreds of tribes, between 50 and 75 million in 1490s

Small Settlements

most Native Americans lived in semi-permanent settlements, each with a population not exceeding 300, men made tools and hunted, women grew crops, some were more nomadic like Sioux and Pawnee

Pueblos

Southwest Native Americans, lived in multi-storied buildings and developed intricate irrigation systems, ANASAZIS

Woodland Native Americans

east of the Mississippi river, prospered with a rich food supply

Mount-Building Cultures

Adena, Hopewell, Mississippian evolved in Mississippi and Ohio River valleys, supported by hunting, fishing, agriculture

Cahokia

near St. Louis, largest settlement, had nearly 30,000 inhabitants

Iroquois

Northeast, present day New York, formed a political confederacy, the League, withstood attacks from opposing Native Americans and Europeans

Central American Indians

Mayans between 300 and 800 AD, built remarkable cities in the rain forests of the Yucatan Peninsula, Aztecs in Central Mexico, Incas in Peru, developed highly organized societies, extensive trade, created calendars, Tenochtitlan was great in size

Vikings

around 1000, exploration to America had little effect, to Greenland and North America

Improvements in Technology

rebirth of classical learning of artistic and scientific activity known as the Renaissance, creative vitality was high, gradual increase in knowledge and technology, began to use gunpowder and the sailing compass, major improvements in shipbuilding and mapmaking, printing press aided spread of info

Religious Conflict

Renaissance had intense religious zeal and conflict, Roman Catholic Church was threatened by Ottoman Turks and Protestant Revolt

Catholic Victory in Spain

when Isabella and Ferdinand united their separate Christian kingdoms, only one Moorish stronghold remained, uniting of Spain was a sign of new leadership, hope, and power

Protestant Revolt in Northern Europe

early 1500s, Germany, England, France, Holland, etc. revolted against the pope in Rome, Protestant Reformation, led to a series of religious war, caused each nation to want their own version of Christianity to be adopted, motive for exploration and colonization was added

Expanding Trade

economic motives grew from fierce competition for increased trade with Africa, India, and China, land route from Venice to Constantinople was taken by the Turks

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese, succeeded in opening up a long sea route around South Africa's Cape of Good Hope

Vasco de Gama

Portuguese, 1498 was the first European to reach India by this route

Developing Nation States

Monarchs were gaining power in Europe, Spain, Portugal, France, England, Netherlands, monarchs depended on trade revenues and the Church's justification to justify their rule, Ferdinand and Isabella used their riches to explore over church

Nation-State

a country in which the majority of people share a common culture and common political loyalties toward a central government

Christopher Columbus

wanted to sail West to get to the "Indies", 1492 received backing of Ferdinand and Isabella, had just defeated Moors, sent three ships for him, landed in the Bahamas on October 12, burst of glory for Span from gains

Columbus' Legacy

he didn't find the Indies, but a "New World", incredible importance, great skills as a navigator, daring commitment in going where no on else had, brought about first permanent interaction between Europe and Native Americans

Exchanges

contact between different peoples had huge effects, Native Americans introduced Europeans to beans, corn, sweet and white potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, also infected them with syphilis, Europeans brought sugar cane, bluegrass, pigs, horses, introduced the wheel, iron, and guns, also smallpox and measles, incredible mortality rates

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494 Spain and Portugal broke up the New World holdings, the pope drew a line on the world map in 1493, giving Spain all lands west and Portugal lands east, line passed through Brazil, established Portugal's claim there

Spanish Exploration and Conquest

Spain owed its success to conquistadores, sent ships loaded with gold and silver, made Spain richest nation in Europe, other nations went to America to seek same riches

Balboa

ventured across the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean

Hernan Cortes

conquests of the Aztecs

Francisco Pizzaro

conquered the Incas in Peru

Encomienda System

the King of Spain gave land grants and Native Americans to individuals Spaniards, Indians had to farm or work in the mines, fruits of labors went to Spanish masters, brutality reduced populations

Asiento System

required Spanish to pay a tax to their king for each slave they imported to the Americas

John Cabot

made earliest claims to territory in the New World, Italian sea captain, explored the coast of Newfoundland in 1497

English Claims

didn't follow up Cabot's exploration, preoccupied with Henry XIII's break from the Roman Catholic Church

Sir Francis Drake

1570s and 1580s, challenged Spanish shipping in Atlantic and Pacific, attacked Spanish settlements in Peru

Sir Walter Raleigh

attempted to establish a settlement at Roanoke Island off of North Carolina in 1587, failed

Giovanni da Verrazano

Italian sponsored by French, hoped to find northwest passage to Asia, explored parts of North America's eastern coast, including New York Harbor

Jacques Cartier

explored the St. Lawrence River extensively

French Claims

unlike English, they were slow to develop colonies in the New World, preoccupied with European wars as well as with the internal religious conflicts between Roman Catholics and Protestant Huguenots

Samuel de Champlain

settled the first permanent French Settlement in America, established in 1608 at Quebec, fortified village, "Father of New France", other explorers continued

Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette

explored the upper Mississippi River in 1673

Robert La Salle

1682 explored the Mississippi basin, which he named Louisiana

Dutch Claims

1600s began to sponsor voyages of exploration

Henry Hudson

experienced English seaman to seek a northwest passage, 1609 sailed up a broad river, expedition that established claims to surrounding areas that would become New Amsterdam

Dutch West India Company

private joint-stock company given the privilege of taking control of New Amsterdam for economic gain

Spanish Armada

English defeat of this in 1588 gained them a reputation as a major naval power

Early English Settlements

defeat of Spanish Armada, increasing population and growing number of poor and landless people who were attracted to economic opportunity in Americas, economic depression, practical method for financing enterprises

Joint-Stock Companies

practical method for financing costly and risky enterprise of founding new colonies, pooled savings of people or moderate means and supported trading ventures that seemed potentially profitable

Virginia Company

a joint-stock company that established the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607

Jamestown Early Problems

first settlers suffered great hardship from Indian attacks, famine, disease, swampy area resulted in dysentery and malaria, settlers were unaccustomed to physical work, others were gold-seekers who refused to hunt or farm

Captain John Smith

forceful leader of Jamestown colony who helped lead to success

John Rolfe

established the tobacco industry, married Pocahontas, developed a new variety of tobacco

Tobacco Prosperity

growing required large labor force, Virginia Company at first hoped to with need with indentured servants, first slaves arrived in 1619, growers began to employ combination of slavery and free labor

Indentured Servants

people who, in exchange for free transportation to a colony, were obligated to work on plantation for a certain number of years

Virginia Royal Colony

Virginia Company made bad decisions that caused the colony to fall heavily into debt, charter was revoked in 1624, colony came under direct control of King James I, first royal colony

Royal Colony

a colony under the control of a King of Queen

Puritan Colonies

religious motivation was principal force for settlement of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay

John Calvin

influenced English Protestants with his teachings

Predestination

the belief that God guides those who are to be saved

Anglican Church

Church of England, was Protestant because it was under control of English Monarch, rituals remembered Catholics, in the 1600s people wanted to change ceremonies and hierarchy of the church

Puritans

religious reformers who wanted to change ceremonies and hierarchy of the church, wanted to "purify" the church

Plymouth Colony

founded by the Pilgrims, found economic hardship and cultural differences in Holland, decided to settle new colony in America operated by Virginia Company of London

Separatists

rejected the idea of simply reforming the Church of England, wanted to organize a completely different church, one independent of religious freedom

Mayflower

100 passengers, one half were separatists, others motivated by economic gain, decided to settle in Massachusetts rather than Virginia

Plymouth Early Hardships

saw half perish in the first year, settlers were able to adapt with help of Native Americans, celebrated good harvest at Thanksgiving, fish, furs, and lumbers

Miles Standish and Governor William Bradford

strong leaders of the Plymouth Colony that led to its growth

Massachusetts Bay Colony

group of Puritans gained royal charter for a new venture, 1629, John Winthrop led a thousand Puritans, founded Boston

Great Migration

civil war in England in the 1630s drove some 15,000 more settlers to the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Mayflower Compact

Pilgrims drew up and signed this document in 1620, pledged to make decisions by will of the majority, represented an early form of colonial self-government and an early written constitution, powers and duties of the government

House of Burgesses

Virginia Company sought to encourage settlement in Jamestown by guaranteeing colonists the same rights they had in England, right to be represented in the lawmaking process, 1619

Representative Government in Massachusetts

limited but important democratic actions, all free men had the right to participate in yearly elections of the colony's governor, his assistants, etc.

Limited Nature of Colonial Democracy

sizable part of colonial population was excluded from process, only males could vote for representatives, female and landless had few rights, slave had none, colonial governors ruled with autocratic or unlimited powers, development of democracy gradually increased

Florida

1565 established a settlement at St. Augustine, oldest city in North America, many failed attempts and strong resistance from Native Americans

New Mexico

Santa Fe was established in 1609, harsh efforts to Christianize caused the Pueblo people to revolt in 1680, Spanish driven from the area

Texas

Spanish established settlements here after they were driven from New Mexico, attempted to resist French exploration

California

Spanish established settlements in San Diego in 1769 and San Francisco in 1776 in response to Russia exploration in Alaska, 1784 series of missions in California

Junipero Serra

Franciscan missionary who founded nine of the Spanish missions in California

Effects of European Colonization

destruction by disease and war of large segments of the Native American population, establishment of a permanent legacy of subjugation

Spanish Native American policy

millions died as a result of conquistadores' methods of warfare, efforts at enslavement, European diseases for which they had no immunity, Spain incorporated the people into organized empire, intermarried with Indians and Africans, rigid class system dominated by pure-blooded Spaniards

English Native American Policy

English at first coexisted, traded, and shared ideas, taught the settlers how to grow new crops, traded furs for manufactured goods, peaceful relations soon gave way to conflict and warfare, had no respect for them, viewed as "savages", way of life was threatened by English

French Native American Policy

maintained good relations with the Native American tribes who occupied St. Lawrence Valley and Great Lakes region, soldiers assisted Huron people in fighting the Iroquois,built trading posts where they exchanged French goods for Indian furs, posed little threat to native population because of small size

Washington Irving

wrote a popular biography extolling Columbus' efforts in 1828