## **Chapter 1: Dualism**

Substance Dualism

The theory that mind and body are distinct substances, as proposed by Descartes.

Property Dualism

The view that mental states are properties of the physical brain but cannot be reduced to physical states.

Epiphenomenalism

The idea that mental states are caused by physical states but do not influence them.

Descartes’ Argument from Doubt

An argument suggesting that if I can doubt my body’s existence but not my mind’s, then they must be different.

Interaction Problem

The challenge of explaining how a nonphysical mind interacts with a physical body.

Philosophical Behaviorism

The view that mental states are defined in terms of behavioral dispositions.

Methodological Behaviorism

The approach in psychology that focuses solely on observable behavior.

Behaviorist Revolution

A movement rejecting introspection, emphasizing observable behavior, led by figures like Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner.

Token Economies

Systems using reinforcement principles in practical applications to modify behavior.

Logical Behaviorism

The perspective that mental states should be defined in terms of overt behaviors.

Radical Behaviorism

The viewpoint in psychology that disregards internal mental states as irrelevant, focusing only on external behaviors.

Multiple Realization Problem

The issue in the identity theory that mental states can be represented by different physical systems.

Phineas Gage - physical brains effect on the mind

A patient whose accident led to significant personality changes due to prefrontal cortex damage. The damage changed his personality, proving the mind brain connection.

Functionalism

The theory that mental states are defined by their causal roles rather than their physical makeup.

Computational Theory of Mind (CTM)

The notion that mental processes can be analogized to computation and symbol manipulation.

Supervenience

The concept that mental properties depend on physical properties but are not reducible to them.

Eliminative Materialism

The philosophical stance suggesting that some or all mental states should be eliminated as concepts, believing they do not exist.

Folk Psychology

Common-sense explanations of mental states through beliefs, desires, and emotions.

Fictionalism

The idea that while mental states may not exist, it is useful to behave as if they do.