Anatomy Chapter 1

Anatomy

the structure

Physiology

The function

Complementarity

How the structure and function complement each other

Levels of organization

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Integumentary System

System including hair, nails, and skin. Protects deeper tissues and synthesizes Vitamin D and houses pain/pressure receptors and sweat/oil glands

Skeletal system

System including the joints and bones. Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones and bones store minerals

Muscular system

System allowing manipulation of environment, motion, and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat.

Nervous system

System including brain, nerves, and spinal cord. Fast-acting control system of the body. Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Endocrine system

System including the pineal and pituitary glands, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, testes, and ovaries. Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes including growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells.

Cardiovascular system

System including heart and blood vessels. Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. Heart pumps blood.

Lymphatic system/Immunity

System including red bone marrow, the thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoractic duct, spleen, and lymph nodes. Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system and houses white blood cells involved in immunity.

Respiratory system

System including nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, and bronchus. Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Gaseous exchanges occur through walls of air sacs of the lungs.

Digestive system

System including oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small/large intestine, rectum, and anus. Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible food are eliminated as feces

Urinary system

System including kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra. Elimates nitrogenous waste from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-based balance of the blood.

Male reproductive system

System including prostate gland, penis, testis, ductus deferens, scrotum. Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex  hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.

Female reproductive system

System including mammary glands, ovary, uterine tube, uterus, vagina. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn. 

Homeostasis

Maintains internal stability when there is external change.

Homeostatic imbalance

Things that take body out of norm (ex. diseases)

Negative feedback mechanism

Output shuts off stimulus. Reduces to steady state.

Pancreas

Releases insulin if there is high blood glucose, and releases glucagon if there is low blood sugar (negative feedback)

Positive feedback mechanism

Output turns on stimulus. Takes further and further from steady state and will suddenly end. (childbirth, breast feeding, blood clotting)

Anatomical position

Body erect, palms forward

Superior/cephalad

Toward the top of head

Inferior/caudal

Toward the feet

Anterior/ventral

Front

Posterior/dorsal

Back

Medial

toward midline

Lateral

Away from midline

Intermediate

in between

Proximal

closer to center of body or the origin

Distal

further from center of body or the origin

Superficial/external

toward or at body surface

Deep/internal

away from body surface; internal

Frontal/coronal

Anterior to posterior plane. Vertically cuts through torso

Sagittal/midsagittal

Left to right plane

Transverse

through torso, horizontally cut plane

Dorsal cavity

Cavity containing cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral cavity (spinal cord)

Thoracic cavity

Cavity containing superior mediastinum (includes thorax), plural cavity (includes lungs), and pericardial cavity with mediastinum (includes heart)

Diaphram

Separates thoracic from abdominal cavity

Ventral body cavity

Cavity including the thoracic cavity and abdomino-pelvic cavity.

Abdomino-pelvic cavity

Cavity including abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity

Cavity containing digestive viscera

Pelvic cavity

Cavity containing urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Other body cavities

Orbital cavity (eye socket), nasal cavity (nose), oral cavity (mouth), tongue cavity (tongue), middle ear cavity (middle ear)

Synovial cavity

Cavity in joint between neck vertebrate

Serosa

Tissue layer that lines body cavities and organs. Dual layer membrane

Peritoneum

Serosa that lines abdominal cavity

Pericardium

Serosa that lines heart

Pleura

Serosa that lines lungs and chest cavity

Parietal serosa

Layer that lines body cavity

Visceral serosa

Layer that lines body organ

Serous fluid

Fluid in between parietal and visceral layers to reduce friction

Parietal peritoneum

Front part of serosa that lines abdominal cavity

Visceral peritoneum

Back part of serosa that lines abdominal organs

Parietal pericardium

Front part of serosa that lines heart cavity

Viceral pericardium

Back part of serosa that lines actual heart organ

Parietal pleura

Front part of serosa that lines lung and chest cavity

Visceral pleura

Back part of serosa that lines actual lungs

Quadrants of abdominal cavity

Right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Right hypochondriac region

Top right region of abdomen (liver, gallblader)

Epigastric region

Top middle region of abdomen (stomach)

Left hypochondriac

Top left region of abdomen (diaphragm, spleen)

Right lumbar region

Middle right region of abdomen (ascending colon of large intestine)

Umbilical region

Middle middle region of abdomen (small intestine, transverse colon of large intenstine)

Left lumbar region

Middle left region of abdomen (descending colon of large intestine)

Right iliac (inguinal) region

Bottom right region of abdomen (cecum, appendix)

Hypogastric (pubic region)

Bottom middle region of abdomen (urinary bladder)

Left iliac (inguinal) region

Bottom left region of abdomen (initial part of sigmoid colon)

Axial region

Region of body describing the head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular region

Region of body describing limbs

Back (dorsal)

Part of axial region describing back (including scapular, vertebral, lumber, sacral, gluteal, perineal)

Cephalic

Part of axial region describing head (including frontal, orbital, nasal, oral, mental, otic, occupital)

Cervical

Part of axial region including neck

Thoracic

Part of axial region including sternal, axillary, mammary

Abdominal

Part of axial region including the umbilical

Pelvic

Part of axial region including genital area

Upper limb

Part of appendicular region describing upper part of arm (includes acromial, brachial, antecubital, olecranal, antebrachial, carpal)

Manus

Part of appendicular region describing hand (pollex, metacarpal, palmar, digits)

Lower limb

Part of appendicular region describing lower limb (coxal (hip), femoral (thigh), patellar (kneecap), popliteal (behind kene), crucal (leg), sural (calf), fibular or peroneal (side of leg)

Pedal

Part of appendicular region describing foot (including tarsal (ankle), calcaneal (heel), metatarsal (foot front), digital (toes), plantar (sole), hallux (big toe))

Abdominal

Located below the ribs and above the hips

Acromial

Point of the shoulder

Antebrachial

Forearm

Antecubital

Anterior surface of the elbow

Axillary

Armpit

Brachial

arm (upper portion of upper limb)

Buccal

Cheek

Calcaneal

heel of foot

Carpal

wrist

Cephalic

Head

Cervical

Neck

coxal

hip

Crural

leg

digital

fingers or toes

Femoral

thigh

fibular (peroneal)

side of leg

Frontal

forehead

gluteal

buttox

hallux

great toe

Inguinal

groin