tissue that conducts water and allows for the movement of fluids against gravity
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Xylem
the type of tissue in vascular plants that provides support and conducts both water and nutrients from the roots
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Phloem
tissue that carries organic and inorganic nutrients in any direction depending on the plant's needs
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Seed
embryo of a plant
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Pollen grain
the structure that contains the male gametophyte of seed plants
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Pollination
the transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures (the anthem) to the tip of the female reproductive structure (the pistil) of a flower in angiosperms or to ovule in gymnosperms.
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Seed coat
the protective, outer covering of a seed
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Pollen tube
a tubular structure that grows from a pollen grain, enters the embryo sac, and allows the male reproductive cells to move to the ovule
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Ovule
a structure that's in the ovary of a seed plant that contains an embryo sac and that develops into a seed after fertilization
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Ovary
the lower parts of a pistil that produces eggs in ovules/ base of carpel, contains eggs
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Fruit
ripened ovary containing angiosperm, a mature plant ovary; the organ in which the seeds are enclosed
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Cotyledon
embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants
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Apical meristem
the growing region at the tips of stems and roots in plants
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Root hair
an extension of the epidermis of a root that increases the root's surface area for absorption
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Root cap
the protective layer of cells that covers the tip of a root
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Mesophyll
in leaves, the tissue between epidermal layers where photosynthesis occurs
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Stoma
one of many openings in a leaf or stem of a plant that enables gas exchange to occur
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Transpiration
the process by which plants release water vapor into the air through stomata
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Guard Cell
one of a pair of specialized cells that border a stoma and regulate gas exchange
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adhesion
the attractive force of one substance to another. Water is sticky and clumps together into drops because of its cohesive properties.
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Capillary action
the process of liquid flowing in a narrow space in opposition to gravity through adhesion and cohesion
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Dormancy
a state in which seeds, spores, bulbs, and other reproductive organs stop growth and development and reduce their development
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Germination
growth that begins from an embryo into a mature plant
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Hormone
a chemical substance that controls plant growth and development
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Receptor
a specialized sensory nerve that reacts to certain stimuli and work as detectors
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Auxin
a plant hormone that is produced in the apical meristem and transported downward to stimulate elongation
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Cytokinin
a class of hormones that stimulate cell division, growth of lateral buds, and cause dormant seeds to sprout
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Gibberellin
a plant hormone that produces a dramatic increase in size of stems and flowers, and the overall plant size
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Abscisic acid
a hormone that helps regulate the growth of buds and the germination of seeds