STS-101-REVIEWER

Science

A systematized body of knowledge that involves organized and dynamic inquiry, following the scientific method. It leads to the formation of concepts, principles, theories, and procedures that seek to describe and explain nature and its phenomena.

Chemistry

The science of the chemical composition and the changes accompanied by it.

Biology

The study of living things, with branches including botany (study of plants), zoology (study of animals), and microbiology (study of microorganisms).

Physics

The science of energy and its transformation, with notable products including jets and lasers.

Technology

The systematic treatment of art, applying knowledge in solving scientific and practical problems to help humans survive and improve their lives. It involves a complex system of knowledge, skills, methods, tools, and resources.

STS (Science, Technology, and Society)

The study of how social, political, and cultural values affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how they in turn affect society.

Sumerian Civilization

An ancient civilization in Mesopotamia (3500 BCE) credited with inventing the wheel, sail, plow, 360-day calendar, sexagesimal number system, and cuneiform writing system.

Babylonian Civilization

An ancient civilization (3500-500 BC) known for its irrigation systems, astronomy, and development of a 12-sign zodiac.

Egyptian Civilization

An ancient civilization (5000-3100 BC) known for its agricultural practices, pyramids, 365-day calendar, papyrus writing, and hieroglyphic system.

Greek Civilization

An ancient civilization (1100 BC) known for its scientific works by philosophers like Socrates, Thales, Hippocrates, Archimedes, Aristotle, and Ptolemy. They made contributions in various fields including astronomy, alarm clocks, and windmills.

Roman Civilization

An ancient civilization known for its contributions like the Gazette (first newspaper), codex (first book), and its own number system.

Chinese Civilization

The oldest civilization in Asia known for its inventions like silk, acupuncture, tea, gunpowder, and the Great Wall of China.

Medieval/Middle Ages

A period in history where inventions like the printing press (Johan Gutenberg), compound microscope (Zacharias Janssen), and telescope (Galileo Galilei) were made.

Modern Times

A period in history where inventions like pasteurization (Louis Pasteur), telephone (Alexander Graham Bell), penicillin (Alexander Fleming), and kerosene (Samuel M. Kier) were made.

Maya Civilization

The first major civilization in Mesoamerica (1500 BCE to the 16th century) known for its sophisticated society, advanced understanding of astronomy, agriculture techniques, technology, and writing system.

Maya texts

Written texts from the Maya civilization, including the Popol Wuj and the Chilam Balam.

Music in Maya civilization

Music played a significant role in Maya religious practices and was created using various instruments such as rattles, whistles, trumpets, drums, flutes, copper bells, and shells.

Aztec Civilization

Refers to the Nahuatl-speaking people who dominated the Basin of Mexico and other parts of central and southern Mexico from the 13th to the 16th centuries.

Aztec Agriculture

The Aztecs used innovative farming techniques, such as building artificial islands called chinampas, to grow crops like maize, beans, tomatoes, pumpkins, chilis, flowers, and medicinal herbs.

Aztec Canoes

Light narrow boats used for transportation and fishing in water systems.

Aztec Astronomy

The Aztecs had knowledge and practices related to astronomy, as seen in their use of a 12-foot-wide calendar stone and their solar worship in temples and shrines.

Aztec Technology

The Aztecs had advanced technology for their time, including the construction of large cities, pyramids, and temples, as well as the development of farming systems like chinampas and the use of cacao for making chocolate.

Aztec Education and Culture

The Aztecs had different types of schools, such as the telpochcalli for training young men to be warriors and the calmecac for training children to become priests and government officials. Punishments in these schools were harsh, and education covered various subjects like astronomy, medicine, mathematics, and surgery.

Inca Civilization

The Inca Empire was the last native state to develop in South America before European invasions in the 16th century. It was located in the Andes Mountains and had advanced agricultural techniques, astronomy practices, architectural achievements, and an educational system.

Inca Agriculture

The Incas developed innovative irrigation systems and a freeze and dry system that helped maintain a constant fresh source of food supply.

Inca Astronomy

The Incas worshipped the sun and had shrines dedicated to it throughout their empire. They had technical knowledge to use celestial knowledge in their structures and carvings.

Inca Technology

The Inca Empire made significant contributions to architecture, especially seen in the construction of Machu Picchu. They also had advanced metallurgy skills, working with minerals like gold, silver, iron, copper, and emeralds. Additionally, they used quipus for record-keeping, built bridges and roads, and developed aqueducts.

Inca Education and Culture

The Incas had a structured educational system, with schools like Yachaywasi for the youth. Education focused on hearing and memorizing, and teachers called Amautas taught various sciences like astronomy, medicine, mathematics, and surgery.

Reality Principle

The delay of immediate gratification in recognition of social requirements or higher needs.

Oral Stage

The infant's first source of pleasure is oral, deriving from the mouth.

Anal Stage

Tension builds up as bowel and bladder functioning demand attention.

Genital Stage

When the child begins to realize that it is a pleasurable experience to manipulate particular areas of the body, such as the mouth, the anus, and the genitals.

Phallic Stage

The instinctual urge is objective and aggressive, whereas masturbation in the immature Genital period is essentially a subjective experience.

Latency period

Lasting from about age five or six to puberty. Adolescence, with its sexual emphasis, gradually channels the sexual impulse into object choices, and finally merges into adult life.

Preconscious

Described as having no sense of awareness but its contents are available for recall.

Unconscious

Contains memories which have been repressed, and under normal circumstances cannot be recalled.

Dr. Fe del Mundo

She pioneered the field of Pediatrics in the Philippines. In 1941, she designed the bamboo incubator.

Dr. Abelardo B. Aguilar

He contributed so much to the discovery of erythromycin where he stumbled upon the bacteria

Dr. Gregorio Zara

Inventor of the first videophone.

Dr. Angel C. Alcala

Known for research related to the rehabilitation of coral reefs.

Benjamin Almeda Sr

Known as the "Father of Filipino inventors" for inventing various food processing machines.

Dr. Julian A. Banzon

National Scientist known for research in alternative fuel.

Dr. Ramon C. Barba

Known for advancements in the mango industry.

Anacleto S. Del Rosario

Invented a pure kind of alcohol from tuba.

Roberto Del Rosario

Developed the Karaoke Sing Along System (SAS).

Dr. Pedro B. Escuro

Isolated nine rice varieties.

Dr. Carmen Ll. Intengan

Contributed to the advancement of nutrition in the country.

Clara Y. Lim-Sylianco

Worked on mutagen, antimutagen, and bio-organic mechanism.

Dr. Bienvenido O. Juliano

Known for contributions to the chemistry and technology of rice grain quality.

Felix Maramba

Built a coconut oil-fueled power generator and developer of biogas systems.

Maria Y. Orosa

Pioneering food technologist on food preservation, inventor of the palayok oven.

Dr. William G. Padolina

Recognized for contributions to coconut chemistry, medicinal plants chemistry, and biogas production.

Francisco Quisumbing

Invented Quink ink.

Rudy Lantano Sr

Developed the Super Bunker Formula-L, a revolutionary fuel.

Dr. Virgilio Malang

Developed the Feminine Hygiene or the External Vaginal Cleanser.

Diosdado Banatao

Developed the first single-chip graphical user interface accelerator.