STS-101-REVIEWER

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

-Science is intertwined with our everyday lives.

-The modern world would not be called "Modern" if it is not for technology enabled by science.

What is Science?

-Science is a systematized body of knowledge. It is an organized and dynamic inquiry (following scientific method).

-Science is a human activity, scientists.

-It is a social enterprise people, knowledge, skills, facilities, apparatuses, and technologies.

-Science leads to the formation of concepts, methods, principles, theories, law, and procedures that seek to describe and explain nature and its phenomena

Chemistry

• the science of the chemical composition and the changes accompanied. Biology-the study of living things. It has three main branches:

1. Botany is the study of plants where most of the medicines that we have were derived from these plants.

2. Zoology is the science of animals;

3. Microbiology is the science of microorganisms.

Physics

• is the science of energy and its transformation. Some of the notable products of physics are jets and laser.

The computer has many uses, and one of those is to make our lives easier to deal with. This module was aided with the help of a computer.

TECHNOLOGY

-Technology means the systematic treatment of art." Technology as materials products; results of scientific inquiry, hardware produced by a scientist.

-Technology is applying knowledge in solving scientific and practical problems that will help humans survive and improve their lives-technology as human cultural activities or endeavors.

-Technology as a social enterprise

-Technology is a complex system of knowledge, skills, people, methods, tools, materials, and resources applied and allocated to the development, operation, and production of a new or improved product, process, or services-technology as modern technology based on the advances of science since the end of WWII to the present.

What are the uses of technology?

1)Technology helps in the discovery and production of medicine.

2)Technology helps to preserve food, and

3)Technology helps us to develop new sources of energy.

STS

-Science, Technology, and Society (STS) mean Science, technology, and society (STS), also referred to as science and technology studies, study how social, political, and cultural values affect scientific research and technological innovation and how they affect society.

-Science, technology, and society refer to the interaction between science and technology and social, cultural, political, and economic contexts which shape and are shaped by them, specific examples throughout human history of scientific and technological developments.

Ancient Times:

Sumerian Civilization

-Sumerian, found on the southernmost tip of the ancient Mesopotamia -3500 BCE, is a great city with a civilization known as Sumer

-inventing the wheel came during 3500 R.C.

-the Sumerian people are perplexed about the limitations on just how much weight humans can carry over land.

-the sail and plow, which improved trade and farming.

-Sumerians introduced the 360-day calendar "devised the Sexagesimal number system, it is a number system through which counting is in units and intervals of sixty

-This has become the basis for graduating the circumference of a circle to 360 degrees and the sixty-minute equal graduations to an hour duration in time. -Sumerians developed the first writing system known as cuneiform.

Babylonian Civilization

-Babylonian civilization emerged from about 3,500 until 500 BC.

-Located on the border of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in Iraq

-They dig canals and developed earthen dikes to irrigate their crops and provide water to their livestock.

-Astronomers of Babylon compiled lists of planets and stars which somewhat accurately pictured the positions of the celestial bodies of our solar system in terms of 12 equally-spaced signs, each one associated with a zodiacal constellation

Egyptian Civilization

-Ancient Egypt began between 5,000-3,100BC

-found in the northeast area of continental Africa.

-River Nile has sustained the Egyptians with the necessary water requirements to support agricultural activities produced a variety of earthenware and pottery items

- produce tools, weapons, and agricultural implements.

-bricks

-constructed dwellings made of reeds and air-dried mud

-They built the famous pyramids

-they devised a 365-day calendar. This solar calendar has 365-dayper cycle.

-They were able to process the Papyrus plant in order to produce thin sheets on which one could write down things.

-Egyptians developed a system of writing using symbols, known as hieroglyphs.

Greek Civilization

-It emerged at around 1.100 BC

-the Greek civilization focused on scientific works of great Greek philosophers in the likes of Socrates, Thales, Hippocrates, Archimedes, Aristotle, Archimedes, and Ptolemy.

-Their contributions became the foundation and pillars of western ideals and civilization.

-The alarm clock was invented by the ancient Greeks.

-They made use of water that dropped into drums, which sounded the alarm.

-Another contribution of civilization is windmills, which were used in agricultural processing like milling of grains.

Roman Civilization

-Roman's great contribution is the Gazette, the first newspaper which contains announcements of the Roman Empire to the people.

-the Roman Empire was able to produce the first book or codex, which was composed of papyrus pages bound together with an animal skin as its cover,

-Romans devised their own number system specifically to address the need for a standard counting method that would meet their increasing communication and trade concerns.

Chinese Civilization

-oldest civilization in Asia is Chinese civilization.

-Silk is one of the things that connect Far East China to the world.

-Another was the use of acupuncture, which uses needles in which Chinese doctors used this to treat diseases.

-Tea, which is made of crushed dried tea leaves, was developed, and the first tea was drunk by a Chinese emperor.

-Gun powder was developed by Chinese alchemists.

-its largest and most extensive infrastructure, the great wall of china. It is made of stone, brick, wood, earth, and other materials.

Medieval/ Middle Ages

1. Johan Gutenberg and the Printing Press

-invent the first printing press which is a more reliable way of printing using a cast type.

-He utilized wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of the letters, and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which then made an exact impression on paper.

-printing press was invented to address the need for publishing books

2. Zacharias Janssen and the Compound Microscope

-Guided by the principles used for the invention of eyeglasses in earlier years,

-He was the one who developed microscope

3. Galileo Galilei and the Telescope

-He improved the telescope

-discovered new celestial bodies such as four of the moons circling Jupiter, to study Saturn, the observation of the phases of Venus, and the study sun spots on the Sun and found support for a heliocentric solar system, Copernicus' theory.

Modern Times

1. Louis Pasteur and Pasteurization

-French Biologist, Microbiologist, and Chemist by the name of Louis Pasteur -Found a way to solve the problem of food deterioration for dairy products.

2. Alexander Graham Bell and the telephone

-He was the first to be awarded a patent for the electric telephone in 1876.

3. Alexander Fleming and The Penicillin

-1928, the Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming noticed a bacteria-filled Petri dish in his laboratory, the sample had become contaminated with mold, and everywhere the mold was, the bacteria were dead

-That antibiotic mold turned out to be the fungus Penicillium, and over the next two decades, chemists purified it and developed the drug Penicillin, which fights a huge number of bacterial infections in humans without harming the humans themselves

-Penicillin was being mass-produced and advertised in 1944. 4.

4. Samuel M. Kier and the Kerosene

-Invent kerosene by refining petroleum.

MODULE 2: MESOAMERICA CIVILIZATION

Maya Civilization

(1500 B.C.E to the sixteenth century arrival of the Spanish conquistadors)

-first major civilization in the Mesoamerica

-they were simply the first to develop a highly sophisticated society with art, science, architecture, and writing.

- they moved continuously rather than lived in one place

Location

• Important Maya cities include Tikal in the east (in what is today Guatemala), Palenque in the west (what is today Mexico), and Copán in the south (in what is today Honduras). The collapse of Maya cities in the tenth century is not fully understood but may have resulted from complex factors including climate change (and resulting drought and crop failures), overpopulation, and political unrest.

Agriculture

• Mayans converted wetlands to farmland

• Fossilized plant remains at these sites show that the Maya were growing crops such as:

1.avocados

2.grass species

3.corn or maize

• Maya built canals between wetlands to divert water and create new farmland.

Astronomy

• Mayans incorporated their advanced understanding of astronomy into their temples and other religious structures

• The pyramid El Castillo (“the Castle”) called by Spanish conquistadors is located at Chichen Itza in Mexico Yucatan Peninsula

• Maya animal constellations are found in the Paris Codex

The following are brief description of each Maya cyclical calendars:

1. Haab cycle

is 365 days, and approximates the solar year.

-Glyphs are referred to as "variants." Variants of the same glyph are framed in a turquoise background.

-Ceremonies are called Sac Ha’

1. Tzolk’in

• Is the Mayan’s sacred calendar in Yucatec Mayan.

1. Calendar Round

• is made from the interweaving of the Tzolk’in and Haab calendars.

Technology

• The Mayans developed various tools for crops and building elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and tools.

• Hydraulics system with sophisticated waterways to supply water.

• Looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from a mineral called mica.

• rubber tires (Good year)

• Writing system known as Mayan hieroglyphics.

• pottery, murals, sculptures or religious context.

• Maya engineers developed structural mechanics for multi-story buildings.

• Maya arts, the Dark Ages(O'Kon, 2012).

• Invented the blast furnace

• they used various objects, as "money." included greenstone beads, cacao beans and copper bells.

Education and Culture

• family size was about 5 to 7

• three different ways of recording: codices, collections of hieroglyphic symbols written on paper and cloth or animal skin

• Maya invented of one of the earliest known writing systems on Earth

• Mayan literacy involves not just alphabetic reading and writing

• astronomy and mathematics are possessed by the Mayans.

• Maya texts such as the Popol Wujand the Chilam Balam.

• Music was linked to religion and was created by rattles, whistles, trumpets, drums, flutes, copper bells and shells.

Aztec Civilization

(Flourished between 13thCE to 1521 CE)

• Aztec most commonly refers to Nahuatl-speaking people who dominated the Basin of Mexico, and indeed much of central and southern Mexico, in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries.

Location

-Most Aztec towns were founded between AD 1100 and 1350when the Aztec people immigrated into the central Mexican highlands

-Two of their capitals, Tenochtitlan (Mexica) and Texcoco (Acolhua)

Agriculture

• The Aztecs had modest beginnings, serving as mercenaries or warriors for other nations.

- The Aztecs expanded Mexico-Tenochtitlán by building chinampas, or artificial islands.

• the chinampas were highly productive, producing up to four crops

• maize, beans, tomatoes, pumpkins, chillis, flowers and medicinal herbs.

• Aztecs disposed of all kinds of organic wastes in the chinampas which fertilized the crops.

• valuable fertilizer used on the chinampas was human excrement or feces.

• Human urine was used as a mordant (fixative) in the dyeing of fabrics

• Aztecs consumed animal protein from turkeys, ducks, deer, fish, and other wild animals.

• They also raised a breed of dog they called itzcuintli

• Canoe, a light narrow boat used for travelling in water systems.

Astronomy

• The Spanish buried the 12-foot-wide calendar stone, also known as the Sun Stone

Technology

• calendar of 18 months of 20 days

• Built large cities and huge pyramids and temples

• Developed a farming system called chinampas that they used to grow crops on shallow lake beds.

• cacao to make chocolate

• weapons included blowguns, bows and arrows, spears flung

• Scholars believe that sleds, levers, or ropes must have been used to move heavier loads

• Wooden drawbridges

• The ball game, called ulama

• Aztec homes were built of adobe

• kitchen was equipped with a hearth fire and jars or bins for foods

• grindstones for making corn flour.

• flour was then cooked into a porridge called atole or made into tortillas, are still central to the cuisine of the region.

• cloth was generally made of plant fibers, such as cotton or fiber from the maguey cactus.

• making highly decorated pottery and ceramics.

• As fishermen, Incas and Aztecs employed a variety of techniques including angling, nets and harpoons.

• Aztec canoes, used for fishing and transportation

Education and Culture

• Calpulli a large house. Telpoch call house of youth

• The purpose of the telpochcalli was to train young men to be warriors, and boys generally began their training at the age of 15.

• children attended the calmecac a schools, where they received training to become priests and government officials

• the calmecac offered more academic opportunities than the telpochcalli.

• Children typically began attending the calmecac between the ages of 6 and 13.

• The schools imposed harsh punishments

Inca Civilization

(Flourished in South Americabetween1425CE -1532CE)

• The Inca Empire was the last native state to develop in South America before sixteenth century European invasions introduced foreign culture, religion, and disease

Location

• The Inca Empire was located on the western side of South America(spreading from north to south) more specifically in the Andes Mountains.

Agriculture

• irrigation systems

• Incas developed a freeze and dry system that until today helps the world maintain a constant fresh source of food supply

Astronomy

• solar worshippers

• Sun, their god, in their many temples and shrines throughout the empire.

• The huacas(shrine) of this study point to a society that was both infatuated with the Sun and possessed the technical ability to use their celestial knowledge with any structure or carving they so desired.

Technology

• Architecture-One of the major contributions of the Inca Empire was architecture.

• Machu Picchu made with built by combining natural landscapes with stones

• Metallurgy work with different minerals such as gold, silver, iron, copper and emeralds.

• Quipus

• Bridges and Roads

• Aqueducts

Education and Culture

• The youth school was called ‘Yachaywasi‘

• Quechua language

• The quipu was the only tool with which it was possible to keep an accurate record of the population and of the products that were produced and stored

• The education in the Incan lasted 4 years and began at approximately 12.

• Education was based on hearing and memorizing.

• The teachers who taught were called ‘Amautas

• Inca education had high developments in various sciences such as astronomy, medicine, mathematics and surgery

• the Incas made their constructions based on physical geometric calculations.

MODULE 2 PART 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION

Nicolaus Copernicus, The Polish Astronomer

Polish Name: Mikolaj, Kopernik German

Name: Nikolaus Kopernikus.

Born: February 19, 1473; Torun, Royal Prussia, Poland.

Died: May 24, 1543; Frauenburg, East Prussia (now Frombork, Poland)

Important Contributions: Heliocentric theory, Commentariolus (Little Commentary) and De revolutionibus orbium coelestium libri vi (Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orb) (Westman, 2020)

Religion: Roman Catholic

Life, Education and Contributions

• The figure presents the geocentric view that Copernicus studied as a school boy, the earth was fixed in the center of the universe.

• Ptolemy’s models for the orbits of the planets deviated considerably from the principles of perfection that Aristotle had laid down. This did not mean that Ptolemy was wrong, his models provided good predictions for the positions of planets at future times

Works of Copernicus

1. Commentariolus or Little Commentary

2. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres(1543)

Other Important Contributors Who Supported the Idea of Copernicus

1. Galileo Galilei–an Italian who built his telescopes

2. Johannes Kepler–the German contemporary of Galilei, stated that the orbits of the planets, including the Earth are traced and not perfect circles

3. Isaac Newton–English scientist who published his monumental Principia, laying out the laws of gravitation and mechanics

Charles Darwin, The British Naturalist

British Name: Charles Robert Darwin

Born: February 12, 1809; Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England

Died: April 19, 1882;Downe, Kent

Important Contributions:

The Voyage of the Beagle and Descent of Man

Religion: Christian(Desmond, 2020)

Life, Education and Contributions

• His father sent him to study medicine at Edinburgh University in 1825

• Edinburgh Museum he was taught to stuff birds by John Edmonstone

• Darwin was accompanied by Robert Edmond Grant as he collected sea pen sand sea slugs on nearby shores

• Botany by a young professor-Rever end John Stevens Henslow.

• Darwin joined at Henslow’s suggestion of a voyage to Tierra del Fuego, at the southern tip of South America, aboard a rebuiltbrig, HMS Beagle.

The Beagle Voyage

● plankton-filled town left him wondering why beautiful creatures teemed in the ocean’s vastness

● on the Cape Verde Islands(January 1832),the sailor saw bands of oyster shells running through local rocks

● the richness of the rain forest at Salvador de Bahia (now Salvador),Brazil

● full of “gaily-colored” flat worms and spiders

● parasitic ichneumon wasp

● he yielded huge bones of extinct mammals(fossils)

● Darwin handled skulls, femurs, and armor plates back to the ship—relics, he assumed, of rhinoceroses, mastodons, cow-size armadillos, and giant ground sloths (such as Megatherium)

●partially gnawed bones of a new species of small rhea (bird)

The Origin of Species

• Darwin’s book was first published in England in 1859. It details part of Darwin's argument for the common ancestry of life and natural selection as the cause of speciation

• He argued that classifying organisms.

• He noted that individuals of the same species vary from each other

Sigmund Freud, Austrian Psychoanalyst

Austrian Name: Sigismund Schlomo Freud(later changed to Sigmund Freud)

Born: May 6, 1856; Freiberg, Moravia, Austrian Empire (now Příbor, Czech Republic)

Died: September 23, 1939; London, U.K.

Important Contributions: A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis, The Ego and the Id, The Interpretation of Dreams

Religion: Atheist but his Jewish background and upbringing played an important role in the development of his ideas.(Jay, 2020)

Life, Education and Contributions

• Freud's early work in psychology and psycho analysis endeavored to understand and cure the human mind by means of hypnosis

• Freud started a clinical practice in neuropsychology at Berggasse, Austria.

• Freud was able to make the breakthrough into seeing the connections with sexual feelings, with early childhood trauma, and with the subtleties of the human psyche.

• For Freud, dreams were the royal road to the unconscious

• He revolutionized the study of dreams with his work The Interpretation of Dreams

• Freud developed a model of the human personality such as Ego, Superego, the Id and the Unconscious

The Structure of the Personality

1. Libido - he genetically inherent energy empowering the life instinct

2. Pleasure Principle -Instincts drive and direct behavior, the goal of which is the satisfaction of needs derived from the instincts.

3. Id -which included other genetically inherent features, such as the impulse to love and to seek gratification.

4. Ego -It develops from the Id because of the organism's need to cope with external reality for the satisfaction of its instinctual requirements.

5. Superego - in Freud is a piece of the higher Id which has direct access to the Ego and is society's representative in the psyche.

6. Reality Principle -which is the delay of immediate gratification in recognition of social requirements or higher needs.

The Developing Child

1. Oral Stage - the infant's first source of pleasure is oral, deriving from the mouth.

2. Anal Stage - tension builds up as bowel and bladder functioning demand attention.

3. Genital Stage - when the child begins to realize that it is a pleasurable experience to manipulate particular areas of the body, such as the mouth, the anus and the genitals.

4. Phallic Stage - the instinctual urge is objective and aggressive, whereas masturbation in the immature Genital period is essentially a subjective experience.

5. Latency period - lasting from about age five or six to puberty. Adolescence, with its sexual emphasis, gradually channels the sexual impulse into object choices, and finally merges into adult life.

A child has six developmental tasks in the emotional domain:

1.the creation and sensation of a sense of self as distinct from others,

2.ability to tolerate emotions in self and others,

3.the capacity to manage aggressive urges

4. the development of a sense of cause and effect and of control over the environment,

5.the development of a self-reflective capacity and

6.the capacity to enter into and sustain a state of latency, repressing inappropriate sexual drives.

Stages of Superego Maturity

1.A primitive layer with punishment for oral-sadistic and anal fantasies;

2.The benign Superego, which derives from the image of the loving and comforting parent, especially the mother.

3.Oedipally-derived layer containing derivatives of the incest situation, jealousy, rivalry, hostility, etc.

4.Acquisition of parental standards and values, ideals and injunctions, the internalization of parental love and protection, prohibition and punishment.

5.Superego death. This occurs when the Ego has become autonomous.

Consciousness and the Unconscious

• The Preconscious is described as having no sense of awareness but its contents are available for recall.

• The unconscious contains memories which have been repressed, and under normal circumstances cannot be recalled.

MODULE 3: PHILIPPINE GREAT INVENTION

Science and Technology in the Pre-Spanish Era

● Scientific knowledge is practiced in the way they plant their crops.

● They are taking care of animals to help them in their daily tasks of food production.

● Climate interpretation

● The concept of a month is composed of days.

Technology

● building houses

● irrigations

● the instrument for planting, hunting, cooking, and fishing

● weapons as a defense for war

● the use of soil for planting purpose

● medicinal uses of plants

● Waterways transportation

● Land transportation

Spanish Era

• Spanish colonizers pushed their culture and practices to the early Filipino people.

● It was during the Spanish era; it started formal learning in Science and Technology in the Philippines.

● There were schools for boys and girls created.

● The Spaniards introduced the idea of subjects.

● Most of the school then focuses on understanding different concepts related to the: Human body, Plants, Animals, and Heavenly bodies

● The Catholic Orders introduced formal colleges and universities through Medicine and advanced science.

● Catholic Religion teachings.

● The trading system during the Spanish era has brought additional technology and development in the Philippines. Ideas, crops, tools, cultural practices, and Technology.

● Some Filipino students who were able to study in Europe led to the advancement of Medicine, Engineering, Arts, Music, and literature.

American Era

• The Americans pioneered the discovery of minerals in the country.

• Transportation and communication systems were improved.

• Education is about nature studies and sanitation.

• The Americans conducted research about how to control malaria, cholera, and tuberculosis, and other tropical diseases.

After World War II

• Focused limited resources for improving Science and Technology

• Producing more professions in Engineering, Technology, Medicine, and others is the main goal in terms of human resources at that time.

PHILIPPINES’ WELL-KNOWN INVENTORS/INNOVATORS:

1. Dr. Fe del Mundo

- She pioneered the field of Pediatrics in the Philippines. In 1941, she designed the bamboo incubator.

2. Dr. Abelardo B. Aguilar

- He contributed so much to the discovery of erythromycin where he stumbled upon the bacteria

𝘚𝘵𝘳𝘦𝘱𝘵𝘰𝘮𝘺𝘤𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘺𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘢𝘦𝘶𝘴 (now 𝘚𝘢𝘤𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘳𝘰𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘺𝘴𝘱𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘦𝘳𝘺𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘢𝘦𝘢) obtained from the soil samples in his backyard.

3. Dr. Gregorio Zara

- the inventor of the first videophone.

4. Dr. Angel C. Alcala

- A national scientist best known for his research related to the rehabilitation of coral reefs.

5. Benjamin Almeda Sr

- He is known as the “Father of Filipino Inventors”. He was recognized in the innovation industry for inventing various original food processing machines like meat grinder, rice grinder and coconut grater.

6. Dr. Julian A. Banzon

- He is a National Scientist and biochemist credited for his research in alternative fuel.

7. Dr. Ramon C. Barba

- A well-known Filipino scientist and horticulturist best known for his contribution towards advancements in the mango industry. He developed the flower induction of mango trees improving yields.

8. Anacleto S. Del Rosario

- He invented the formula for producing a pure kind of alcohol from tuba in a nipa palm and recognized as the "Father of Philippine Science and Laboratory".

9. Roberto Del Rosario

- He developed the Karaoke Sing Along System (SAS).

10. Dr. Pedro B. Escuro

- A Filipino scientist known for his isolation of nine rice varieties.

11. Dr. Carmen Ll. Intengan

- A food and nutrition researcher who contributed to the advancement of nutrition in the country.

12. Clara Y. Lim-Sylianco

- A national scientist who worked on mutagen, antimutagen and bio-organic mechanism.

13. Dr. Bienvenido O. Juliano

- A national scientist known for his outstanding contributions to the chemistry and technology rice grain quality.

14. Felix Maramba

- A scientist who built a coconut oil-fueled power generator and a developer of biogas systems.

15. Maria Y. Orosa

- A chemist and the pioneering food technologist on food preservation. She invented the palayok oven.

16. Dr. William G. Padolina

- He is recognized for his significant contribution on the chemistry of the coconut, medicinal plants chemistry and biogas production.

17. Francisco Quisumbing

-A Filipino chemist who invented Quink ink.

18. Rudy Lantano Sr.

- He developed the Super Bunker Formula-L, a revolutionary fuel half-composed of water.

19. Dr. Virgilio Malang

- He is one of the renowned Filipino inventors that developed the Feminine Hygiene or the External Vaginal Cleanser.

20. Diosdado Banatao

- He developed the first single-chip graphical user interface accelerator that made computers work a lot faster.