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Rooting
4 months. Stroke the corner of your baby’s mouth with nipple, they turn their head toward it to nurse.
Sucking
4 months. When something touches a baby’s palate, he or she starts to suck it.
Moro
2 months. Startle reflex , arms goes out legs goes in
Stepping
2 months. Holding baby upright baby will start to move legs as if he/she is walking or trying to take steps.
Tonic neck
5-7 months. If neck goes one way, arm stretches out that way
Palmar grasp
5-6 months. Place object in infants hand, they will grasp it
Babinskis
12-24 months. Scratch baby foot, toes will go outward
Infancy
Piaget: sensimotor
Erik son: trust vs mistrust
Anterior fontanelle
9-18 months
Posterior fontanelle closure
6-8 weeks
Infant weight
Doubles by 4-6 months, triples by 12 months
How much do infants grow by
1/2 - 1 inch per month
Infant teeth
lower incisors usually around 4-6 months of age
2 month milestones
4 months
6 month milestones
8-9 month milestones
1 year old milestones
Trust vs mistrust
Infants building trust with caregiver that needs are going to be met. Must respond to cry: rock or swaddle
Sensimotor
All things learned are based on experiences or trial and error. Begin to develop object permanence. Baby only able to use senses to understand/ learn
Infant play
Younger infants: toys that can be batted with hands and kicked with feet, toys with contrasting patterns
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Older infants: toys that light up or make noise, soft dolls, teething toys, board books, large stackable blocks
Toddler
1-3 years
Toddler growth and development
Toddler motor development
When do toddlers crawl up steps by?
15 months
When do toddlers begin to eat with spoons?
18 months
When do toddlers begin to run?
24 months
When do toddlers begin to kick a ball and jump?
24 months
When do toddlers pedal a tricycle?
36 months
When do toddlers walk up and down stairs?
36 months
What language comes first to toddlers?
Receptive
Echolalia
When kids repeat words without knowing what it means.
How many words should children know by age 2?
50 words, 2 word sentences, name body parts
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Begin to understand that they are separate from caregiver and will try to test independence. Focused on developing a sense of personal control and sense of independence. Learning new skills such as picking the toys to play with/ eat/ wear. Not able to see a situation from another persons point of view.
Parallel play
Play along side one another
Appropriate toys for toddlers
Preschool age
3-5
Initiative vs guilt
Preoperational
Age 2-7
Preschool age play
School age
6-12
Industry vs inferiority
When do children begin to lose their teeth?
6 years old
Concrete operational
What age does gender dysphasia occur?
9/10
What age do children usually identify a best friend?
Age 7
School age play
Adolescence
Formal operational
11 to adulthood
Identity vs role confusion
Adolescence body
Adolescence social and emotional development
Tanner stage males
Tanner females
Stage 1: no change, no pubic hair
Stage 2: breast elevated, aerial enlarged, scant pubic hair
Stage 3: breast and aerial enlarged no contour definition between, Pubic hair darker and curly
Stage 4: aerial forms mound separate from breast, pubic hair resembles that of adult but scant
Stage 5: adult appearance, nipples project , pubic hair adult distribution
Corrected age
Actual age - weeks/months of prematurity = corrected age
MMR vaccine
12-15 months
What vaccine is given at birth
HepB
2 month vaccines
Rv, hepB, dtap, IPV, PCV13
Inactivated vaccine
Virus killed during process of making vaccine.
Inactivated vaccine examples
Rabies, hepA, flu vaccine, polio
Conjugate
Protects against bacteria with polysaccharide coating, allows immune system to recognize and react
Toxoid
Protects against bacteria that causes toxins, uses weakened form of toxin
Live vaccines
Uses weakened or attenuated form
Common side effects after vaccinations
Where to give vaccines for infants
Anterolateral aspect of thigh 5/8- 1 inch
Toddler shots
Anterolateral thigh 1 inch
Children shots
Deltoid 5/8 - 1 inch
Adolescents shot
Deltoid 1 - 1 1/2 inch
Strabismus
Misalignment of the eye, common up to 6 months
Head lag
Having a hard time maintaining head control when picking them up.
Infant eyes
Should be able to focus on objects by 3-4 months
Infant respiratory
Less than 6 years, respiratory movement is mostly abdominal, expansion should be symmetrical. Almost circular diameter
Infant heart/ perfusion
Less than 7 years old, apical pulse at 4th intercostal space
Sinus arrhythmia
Heart rate increases with inspiration and decreases with respiration
Genu varum
Bowleg
Genu valgum
Knock knee
Differences between children and adults
Infant assessment position
If unable to sit, lay prone or supine, preferably in parents lap. If able to sit alone, sit on parents lap
Infant assessment sequence
Head to toe. Auscultation , palpate, percuss. Perform traumatic procedures last (eyes, ears, mouth)
Infant assessment preparation
Completely undress if room is okay
Toddler assessment position
Toddler assessment sequence
Toddler preparation
How to communite with toddlers?
Preschool assessment position
Standing it sitting, whatever preference
Preschool assessment sequence
Toddler preparation assessment
School age child assessment position
Prefer sitting
School age child sequence assessment
School age child assessment preparation
Adolescent assessment preparation
Temperature under 2 years?
Rectal temps
How often should you feed infants?
Every 2-4 hours
How long should you breast feed?
6 months then incorporate rice cereal, can later start slowly introducing other foods
How often should you introduce new food?
Every 5-7 days
Risk factors for SIDS
How should babies sleep?
On their back, safe crib no loose bedding, toys, blankets
Toddler nutrition
Food jag
When toddlers only eat certain foods