Ap Psychology Neurotransmitters, Drugs, Hormones

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21 Terms

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Neurotransmitter
Special brain chemicals that


1. Carry an electrical charge across the synapse
2. Made only in the neurons
3. Responsible for movement, thinking, and emotions
4. Recycled through re-uptake
5. Very PRECIOUS and RARE
6. Made from nutrients in the bloodstream
7. Each has a pathway to the brain

When an action potential reaches the knoblike terminals at the axon’s end = triggers the release of neurotransmitters.
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Acetylcholine (ach)
- enables muscle action (movement) and is used by different neurons.
- Learning and memory
- Found in the connection between motor neurons and muscle fibers

MALFUNCTION: Alz--producing neurons deteriorate
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Dopamine
-voluntary movement, learning, attention, emotion


MALFUNCTION
- Too little: can cause shakiness throughout the body, tremors, and decreased mobility--Parkinson's

-Too much--hallucinations--Schizophrenia
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Serotonin
-Mood, hunger, sleep, dreaming, arousal, pain, aggression, sexual behavior, emotional state,

-Too little: depression (prozac too boost these levels)
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Norepinphrine
-autonomic nervous system: sleep and heart rate
- Sexual responsiveness
-control alertness
-arousal
-learning and memory

Malfuction
- too little; depressed moods, anxiety, high blood pressure
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Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
Major INHIBITORY neurotransmitter

-inhibitory--slows down system, linked to insomnia seizures, anxiety

Malfunction
-Too little: seizures, tremors, anxiety
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Glutamate
-Major Excitatory Neurotransmitter
-Memory

Too much=overstimulates brain producing migraines/seizures
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Endorphins
pleasurable sensations/control of pain lowered levels resulting from opiate addiction

\-natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure
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Prozac
ANTIDEPRESSANTS

either block reuptake or prevent neurotransmitter breakdown 

cousins: Zoloft, Paxtil all of them are called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

takes 4 weeks, possible delay means that increased serotonin promotes neurogenesis

medication is helpful for SEVERELY depressed than for moderate depression 
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Xanax or Ativan
ANTI-ANXIETY DRUGS

depress central nervous system activity, aid the effects of exposure therapy cut down on PTSD and OCD

side effects: psychological dependence and physiological dependence, stop taking, symptoms worsen
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D-cycloserine 
USED FOR ANXIETY DISORDERS AND PHOBIAS

It is a type of antibiotic that works by affecting the activity of a neurotransmitter called **glutamate**, which is involved in learning and memory processes in the brain.

been found to enhance the **learning** and **consolidation** of new information, and is sometimes used in combination with exposure therapy to help people with anxiety disorders overcome their fears more quickly and effectively
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lithium
BIPOLAR DISORDER

can be effective mood stabilizer

john cade discovered that
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chlorpromazine
ANTI PSYCHOTIC DRUG

side effects: sluggishness 

increased risk of obesity and diabetes 

produce twitches similar to Parkinson's disease which is marked by too little dopamine 

tardive dyskinesia 
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CLOZAPINE
shows positive effects for negative schizophrenia
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Librium
It is commonly used to treat **anxiety** and **alcohol withdrawal symptoms.** Librium works by enhancing the effects of a neurotransmitter in the brain called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which helps to reduce excessive brain activity and promote relaxation
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INSULIN
secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose
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LEPTIN
secreted by fat cells, when abundant causes brain to increase metabolism and **decrease** hunger hunger 
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OREXIN
hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus
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GHRELIN
secreted by an empty stomach ; sends “im hungry” signals to the brain.
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OBESTATIN
secreted by stomach; sends out “im full signals to brain
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PYY
digestive tract hormone; sends “I’m not hungry” signals to brainÂ