1. Carry an electrical charge across the synapse 2. Made only in the neurons 3. Responsible for movement, thinking, and emotions 4. Recycled through re-uptake 5. Very PRECIOUS and RARE 6. Made from nutrients in the bloodstream 7. Each has a pathway to the brain
When an action potential reaches the knoblike terminals at the axon’s end = triggers the release of neurotransmitters.
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Acetylcholine (ach)
- enables muscle action (movement) and is used by different neurons. - Learning and memory - Found in the connection between motor neurons and muscle fibers
MALFUNCTION: Alz--producing neurons deteriorate
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Dopamine
-voluntary movement, learning, attention, emotion
MALFUNCTION - Too little: can cause shakiness throughout the body, tremors, and decreased mobility--Parkinson's
Too much=overstimulates brain producing migraines/seizures
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Endorphins
pleasurable sensations/control of pain lowered levels resulting from opiate addiction
\-natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure
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Prozac
ANTIDEPRESSANTS
either block reuptake or prevent neurotransmitter breakdownÂ
cousins: Zoloft, Paxtil all of them are called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
takes 4 weeks, possible delay means that increased serotonin promotes neurogenesis
medication is helpful for SEVERELY depressed than for moderate depressionÂ
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Xanax or Ativan
ANTI-ANXIETY DRUGS
depress central nervous system activity, aid the effects of exposure therapy cut down on PTSD and OCD
side effects: psychological dependence and physiological dependence, stop taking, symptoms worsen
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D-cycloserineÂ
USED FOR ANXIETY DISORDERS AND PHOBIAS
It is a type of antibiotic that works by affecting the activity of a neurotransmitter called **glutamate**, which is involved in learning and memory processes in the brain.
been found to enhance the **learning** and **consolidation** of new information, and is sometimes used in combination with exposure therapy to help people with anxiety disorders overcome their fears more quickly and effectively
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lithium
BIPOLAR DISORDER
can be effective mood stabilizer
john cade discovered that
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chlorpromazine
ANTI PSYCHOTIC DRUG
side effects: sluggishnessÂ
increased risk of obesity and diabetesÂ
produce twitches similar to Parkinson's disease which is marked by too little dopamineÂ
tardive dyskinesiaÂ
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CLOZAPINE
shows positive effects for negative schizophrenia
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Librium
It is commonly used to treat **anxiety** and **alcohol withdrawal symptoms.** Librium works by enhancing the effects of a neurotransmitter in the brain called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which helps to reduce excessive brain activity and promote relaxation
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INSULIN
secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose
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LEPTIN
secreted by fat cells, when abundant causes brain to increase metabolism and **decrease** hunger hungerÂ
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OREXIN
hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus
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GHRELIN
secreted by an empty stomach ; sends “im hungry” signals to the brain.
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OBESTATIN
secreted by stomach; sends out “im full signals to brain
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PYY
digestive tract hormone; sends “I’m not hungry” signals to brainÂ