Summative review

Dichotomous key

classification is used to adapt by organism. A diagnosis key to part is used each spot on the key. A choice must be made which leads to a new branch of the key.

Classification system (7 types)

Kingdom, phylum, class, order,family, genus and species

first level of classification system is domains

Eubacteria-contains kingdom Eubacteria

Archae- contains kingdom archaebacteria, naked dna

Eukaryotes- contains protists, fungi, plants and animals, made up of eukaryotic cells

The six kingdoms

Archaebacteria, ancient bacteria found in weird places, unicellular ex thermophiles

Eubacteria- true bacteria most common types, unicellular ex e.coli

Protists- eukaryotic, unicellular to multicellular mostly aquatic ex euglena, amoeba

Fungi- unicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic (must eat) ex yeast, mushrooms

Plants- multicellular autotrophic (makes its own food) eukaryotic example pine trees

Animals, eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophic

Phylogenetic tree

Is a diagram showing the evolution relationships between species or group?

Binary fission

Process- asexual reproduction

:parent cells duplicates its chromosomes, cell wall divides and gets two new cells

Bacteria

main parts of bacteria are cell wall, plasma membrane, DNA and ribosomes

Bacterial shapes

Spherical-coccus

Rod-Bacillus (rectangle)

Spiral-spirillum ( rectangle with spiral in it)

Bacteria prefixes (say before the shape of bacteria)

Staphylo- clump

Strepto- chain

Diplo- pair

Mono- single

Bacteriophage diagram

Is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and Archaea

Lytic cycle

is the cycle where the virus infects and destroys the host cell

1.attachment

2. injection

3. synthesis

4. assembly

5 lysis

Lysogenic cyle

Is a dormant state of a virus that enters the hostel then remains in active

Euglena

Has eyespot to sense light, flagellum is used to move around ,reproduce by binary fusion

Amoeba

Move pseudopodia (false foot)

Eat by engulfing food

Reproduce by binary fission

Paramecium

Uses cilla to move around

Has oral grove to eat

Cilla move food to oral grove, digestion takes place in gullet

Waste is expelled from vacuole thru anal pore

Classification of protists

Both unicellular and cellular

Both Heterotroph and autotroph

mobile yes

Reproduction binary and conjunction

Role Helps the production of food like yoghurt and cheese

Example e.coli

Fungi

Both and cellular or multicellular

Eukaryotic

Heterotrophic

more than 100,000 different species

Saprophytic (decomposer)

Fungi types

Chytridiomycota, blastocladiomycota, neocallimastigomycota, microporidia, glomeromycota, ascompycota, basidiomycota

Plant life cycle

Plant in diploid stage is to sporophyte (2N)

Sporophyte cell divide by meiosis to Produce asexual Haploid spores

Zygote grows into sporophytes and then cycle continues

Plant characteristics

Multicellular

Eukaryotic

Autotrophic thru synthesis

Cannot move

Plant types

Non vascular ( bryophytes)

Vascular (tracheophytes)

Non vascular plants bryophytes

Lack true roots, stem with a vascular tissue growth and grows moist environment, only grows several centimetres in height, example mosses, liverwort, and hornworts

Lycophytes

Ferns

Lignin Makes plant strong

Have non photosynthesis gametophytes

Contains spores

Gymnosperms

Includes coniferous trees like pines, spruce and cedar

Males cones produce and release pollen

Female cones produce eggs

Have needle like leaves and thick cuticles

Angiosperm

Flowering plants 90% Of all plants species are angiosperms Three main parts

1. Flower-specialized structure that produce pollen

2. Fruit- the main ovary of flowering plants that contain seeds

3. Cotyledon- Stores food by growing embryo

Two sub divisions of angiosperms

Monocots

• have one seed, parallel veins in the leaves

  diacots

• Have 2 seeds leaves

• Have a net like pattern of veins in leaf

Animal

Eukaryotic multicellular

Most are mobile

have senses

Sexual reproduction

Animal body plan

Three types

1. Asymmetrical

2. Radial- one central axis

3. Bilateral symmetry two

Invertebrate

Are animals without backbones

Vertebrates

Have a internal skeleton and backbone

Five main groups of animals

Mammals, fish birds, reptiles and amphibians

Mitosis stages and parts

Interphase G1- growth

Interphase G2- Reputation of DNA and growth

Prophase- Nuclear membrane dissolves nucleus dessolves, sister chromtids coil up and condense, spinal fibres form

Metaphase- sister chrometids lineup in the middle

Anaphase- sister chromotids pulled apart

Telophase- nucleuar membrane appear, cell divides into 2 new cells

Asexual types

Binary fusion ,budding, fragmentation, vegetated reproduction, spore formation

Meiosis stage 1

Prophase 1- chromosome thicken

Metaphase 1- tetrads migrate toward middle

Anaphase 1- homologous chromosomes separate and move towards opposite sides

Telophase 1- cells now haploid, nuclear membrane begins to form

Meiosis stage 2

Prophase- nuclear membrane dissolves

Metaphase 2- chromosomes (2 chromotids) line up on the equator

Anaphase 2- nuclear membrane begins to form around the chromatids now called chromosomes

Telophase and cytokinesis- nuclear membrane form, 4 daughter cells produced

Karotypes

Are pictures of chromosomes that has been arranged according to number, size, shape or other characteristics

Genotype vs phenotypes

Genotype is the letter ex Rr

Phenotype is what it is so R=Red r=white

Non disjunction

Is the failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis, resulting in an odd number of chromosomes ex

Monotomy, trisomy

Types of mutations

Turner’s syndrome, klinefelters syndrome, patau syndrome, Edgeworth syndrome,down syndrome

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides, Diasccharides, polysaccharides

Monomers and polymers

Carbs, protein and fats are all polymers made up as several repeating units called monomers -monomers are simple building blocks of longer chain polymers

Digestive system

A system that breaks some food nutrients which are absorbed and transported by the cell circulatory system

Four layers of the stomach

1. Mucosa- innermost layer

2. Submucosa- layer of connective tissues

3. Muscular- contains smooth muscle

4. Serosa-outermost layer hold stomach in place

stabilizing selection

Stabilizing selection favours the average trait

Directional selection

Favours one extreme over the another

Disruptive selection

Favours the extreme of range

Bottleneck

A change in gene distribution that results from a rapid decrease in population size

Founder effect

A change in gene pool when a few individuals start a new population

Divergent evolution

A pattern of evolution in which species that were once similar to an ancestral species diverge or become distinct

Convergent evolution

Two unrelated species share similar traits

Co evolution

A process in which one species is evolved in response to the evolution of another species

Adaptive radiation

how a species evolves to its environment while remaining very similar

Homologous structures

Have similar structural element and origin but has different functions

Vestigial structures

Structure that once had a use but now is less functional or useful

Analogous structures

Organisms that do not have a common evolutionary origin but perform similar functions

Circulatory system

moves oxygen, nutrients and hormones to your body's cells to use for energy, growth and repair

Fossil evidence

Provides a record of how creature evolved and how this process can be represented by a tree of life. Showing that all species are related to each other

DNA structure

A dna molecule consists of two long polynucleotide chains composed of 4 types of nucleotide subunits

Embryology

The study of formation and development of an embryo and fetus

Plylogentic tree and clades

Is a diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms or genes from a common ancestor

respiratory system

It includes your lungs, nose, mouth and the tube like structures that connect them

Plant tissue

4 type of tissue

1. Meristematic tissue-cell growth

2. Dermal tissue- outermost tissue (protection)

3. Ground tissue- innermost layer( nutrients stored)

4. Vascular tissue- cells involves on transporting water and nutrients though the plant

Stem function

1. Supports and attachments for leaves, flowers and fruits

2. Transport of material between the root and the leaves

3. Nutrients storage

4. Plant growth

Roots function

1.Anchor of the plant

2. Absorb water and inorganic nutrients

3. Storage of water

Leaf diagram

Consist of a tip, margin, midrib, vein, venules, petiole, steam, axil and leaf base

Tropisms

A phenomenon indicating the growth or turning point of an organism usually a plant in respond to an environment stimulus

Total lung capacity

The total amount of air that can be in your lungs

Tidal volume

Normal amount of air that can be exhaled

Vital capacity

Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled

Inspiratory reserve volume

Extra intake of air after max inhalation

Expiratory reserve volume

Extra exhalation of air after max exhalation

Residual volume

Little bit of air left over in your long after a big exhalation

Down syndrome

Individuals has three copies of chromosome 21

Turner syndrome

One x and no y sex chromosome

Female and appearance, but do not mature sexually in our sterile

Most fetuses are miscarried before the 20th week of pregnancy

Klinefelter syndrome

Male

Sterile

Have xxy chromosome arrangement

Taller than average, less muscular, weak bones

Patau syndrome

Trisomy of chromosome 13

Many serious development problems, including brain, kidney and heart defects

Live for a few months

Edward syndrome

Trisomy of chromosome 18

Low survival rate

Many organ system defects