Civil War

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Sectional Issues that Divided the Country

Sectional Issues that Divided the Country

1. National Bank

2. Tariffs

3. Transportation

4. Immigration

5. Admission of new western states to union

6. Slavery

Sectional Issues: National Bank

• North

  • supported

    • business men placed large investments in Bank

    • large measure of control over Bank and subsequently government

• South

  • opposed

    • did not want National Bank

    • felt State Banks could provide cheaper laons

    • believed North (Northeast) had too much control over Bank and government

Sectional Issues: Tariffs

• North

  • supported

    • wanted high tax on imports

    • forced people to buy American goods instead of European goods

• South

  • opposed

    • against tax on imports

    • forced to buy goods manufactured in northeast

    • south exported cotton to foreign markets → imports from foreign markets decrease and those foreign countries have less money to spend on importing cotton → south sells less cotton → cotton price drops → north can buy cotton at a reduced price

Sectional Issues: Transportation

• North

  • more unified

    • Allowed workers to migrate into industrial Northern cities

      • stimulate economic growth and population growth → states with growing populations could gain more seats in House of Representatives

    • centralized: could easily travel from one state to another via railroad

    • larger and more developed

• South

  • less centralized

    • railroads had different-sized bearings across states

      • had to unload and reload goods when crossing state lines

    • wanted more railroads

Sectional Issues: Immigration

• North

  • supported

    • encourage immigration → had no anti-immigration laws

    • provided cheap labor in factories

    • more job opportunities → attracted more immigrants

      • esp. due to the Great Famine

• South

  • opposed

    • immigrants had to compete with uncompensated slave labor

    • attracted fewer immigrants

    • immigrants usually came for economic reasons and could not afford to buy large plots of land

Sectional Issues: Admission of new western states to union

• North

  • admission of free states

• South

  • admission of slave states

Sectional Issues: Slavery

• North

  • opposed

    • thought it was morally incorrect

• South

  • supported

    • basis of economy

    • viewed it as a way of life

Slavery: effects of cotton gin

• more plantations pop up → more slaves needed

• Eli Whitney

Legislation re: slavery

1. Missouri Compromise

   1. Missouri entered as a slave state, while Maine entered as a free state

   2. No slavery north of 36°30’ (Mason-Dixon Line)

2. Compromise of 1850

   1. Popular sovereignty and fugitive slave law put in place

   2. slave trade was prohibited in Washington D.C.

3. Kansas-Nebraska Act

   1. proposed to establish territorial government in northern part of Louisiana Purchase

   2. Creation of Kansas & Nebraska territories

   3. question of slavery was to be settled based on popular sovereignty

   4. less to Bleeding Kansas

      1. warm-up to Civil War

Dred Scott

• Scott traveled from slave state to free state 

• Wanted to sue for freedom 

• Justice Taney ruled against Scott

  • Black people were not citizens

  • Property is property wherever you take it 

  • Technically made Mason-Dixon Line unconstitutional and slavery legal everywhere 

Misconceptions about Slavery

• All Black people came to the USA as slaves

  • False

  • some came as indentured servants

  • went through indentured servitude system → servitude period ends → given land

  • there were successful Black plantation owners

• Not all Southerners owned slaves

  • True

  • Most Southerners did not own slaves (75% in 1860)

  • those that owned slaves owned 2-4 slaves

  • South Carolina and Mississippi were made up of more than 50% slaveholders

• Only cotton was grown in deep South

  • False

  • rice, sugar, and tobacco were also grown -

  • enslaved people were horribly dehumanized and forced to work in hot + humid conditions with lots of mosquitos

• Plantation owners were legislators that did not oversee their plantations

  • True

  • overseer oversaw plantations

  • gained from production efficiency

  • overseer were instructed to not kill enslaved people when they tried to escape → maimed them, they still could work

  • many plantation owners worked as legislators, trying to pass pro-slavery legislation (yikes!)

• Enslaved people were completely isolated and not allowed near children

  • False

  • female slaves were nurses to white children

  • white children were closer to slave than own mother

• Enslaved people were forced to work all day, every day

  • False

  • Laborer usual work times: Start at 6AM → 1 hour break at 9AM for breakfast → Assigned tasks finished from 2PM to 3PM

  • Laborer summer work times: Sleep in middle of day → Spend night chatting, merry-making, preaching, + psalm-singing

  • Christmas time: week-long holiday with celebration + no work

The Election of 1860: Candidates

1. Stephen Douglass

   1. Democratic Party

   2. advocated for popular sovereignty

2. Abraham Lincoln

   1. Republican Party

   2. wanted union to stay together

      1. slavery can exist where it does but cannot spread

The Election of 1860: Outcome

Lincoln won

The Election of 1860: Effect

• Southern secession (starting with South South Carolina) → formation of confederacy

• Confederacy elects Jefferson Davis as president

Map of Civil War Battles

The Civil War: Northern Strategy

1. Take Mississippi River (split Confederacy)

2. March from Mississippi River to shoreline of Savannah, Georgia (split Confederacy)

3. Capture Richmond, Virginia

4. Anaconda Plan: blockade southern ports

The Civil War: Southern Strategy

1. Defend ports, capital, forts and outlast North (war of attrition)

2. Attack Washington D.C.

Fort Sumter

• located at harbor of Charleston, South Carolina

• after Southern secession, forts, ports, and offices that belonged to the north were still operating in the south

• Major Robert Anderson was running low and supplies → people from Charleston did not help them

• Lincoln sent supply ship + aid to Fort Sumter

• City guns drove Union supply ships off

• General Beauregard demanded surrender → Anderson refused

• Confederates open fire → Union surrenders

• start of Civil War

The Civil War: Eastern Campaign

1. First Battle of Bull Run

2. Peninsula Campaign and Second Battle of Bull Run

3. Antietam

4. Chancellorsville

5. Gettysburg

6. Sherman’s March to the Sea

7. Grant Captures Petersburg

The Civil War: Western Campaign

1. Fort Henry

2. Fort Donelson

3. Shiloh

4. New Orleans

5. Vicksburg

6. Chattanooga

Civil War Timeline

1. Fort Sumter (coast of South Carolina)

2. First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas Junction in VA)

3. Fort Henry (Tennessee, near Cumberland and Tennessee River)

4. Fort Donelson (Tennessee, near Cumberland and Tennessee River)

5. Peninsula Campaign (Virginia Peninsula )

6. Shiloh (Tennessee-Mississippi border)

7. New Orleans (mouth of Mississippi, Louisiana)

8. Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas Junction )

9. Antietam (Antietam Creek, Maryland)

10. Chancellorsville (North-ish of VA)

11. Gettysburg (south of Pennsylvania)

12. Vicksburg (Mississippi River, near Mississippi-Arkansas border)

13. Chattanooga (southern Tennessee, borders Georgia)

14. Sherman’s March to the Sea (Atlanta → Savannah, Georgia southeast)

15. Petersburg (towards east of Virginia)

The Civil War: First Battle of Bull Run

• Location: Manassas Junction in Virginia

• Date: July 21, 1861

• Generals

  • North: McDowell

  • South: Johnston, Beauregard

• Objective: Union wanted to take Richmond, VA

• Outcome: Union lost and gets humiliated

  • Union was confident in victory; some brought their families

  • Stopped 30 mi. from Washington D.C. near Manassas Junction

  • Confederacy knew they were coming and had trenches + weapons ready

    • Confederate army stood firm “as a wall” under Stonewall Jackson

    • North was shocked; retreated to Washington D.C.

  • McDowell replaced by Meade then by McClellan

  • Moved their focus to Mississippi River (led by Grant) - Fort Henry

    • Would split Confederacy in half (stops goods transportation along & across)

The Civil War: Peninsula Campaign and 2nd Battle of Bull Run

• Location: Virginia Peninsula

• Date: March-July, 1862

• Generals

  • North: McClellan, Pope

  • South: Johnston, Smith, Lee, Magruder, Jackson

• Objective: Union wanted to capture Richmond, VA

• Outcome: Confederate victory; Union soldiers withdrew from Virginia Peninsula

The Civil War: Antietam

• Location: Antietam Creek, Maryland

• Date: September 17, 1862

• Generals

  • North: McClellan

  • South: Lee

• Objective: Lee wanted to take D.C. and split Union in half

  • Lee tries to use element of surprise → invade D.C. from behind (go way up north and attack from behind)

• Outcome: Union stops Confederates in Maryland

  • Deadliest one-day battle in American military history → 22,717 estimated casualties

  • Lincoln uses this military success to issue his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation (September 22nd)

  • prevented Lee’s invasion of north and set stage for Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation

  • Grant found battle plan in cigar

    • discovered Confederacy’s plan for Antietam

The Civil War: Chancellorsville

• Location: Spotsylvania County, Virginia

• Date: April 30 – May 6, 1863

• Generals

  • North: Hooker

  • South: Lee

• Objective: Union wants to take Richmond, VA

• Outcome: Confederate victory

  • Stonewall Jackson dies

  • South stops North from advancing south

The Civil War: Gettysburg

• Location: Gettysburg, Pennsylvania

• Date: July 1–3, 1863

• Generals

  • North: Meade

  • South: Lee,

    Pickett

• Objective: Lee wanted to invade North

• Outcome: Union victory

  • Turning point of Civil War

  • After Chancellorsville, Lee led troops to Shenandoah Valley to begin invasion of north

  • Confederacy stopped for shoes (their shoes were breaking) → shoe factory

  • Union intercepted Confederacy at Gettysburg → 3-day battle

  • The South suffered a massive loss and had to retreat all the way back to Virgini

  • Bloodiest Civil War battle

The Civil War: Sherman’s March to the Sea

• Location: Georgia (Atlanta → Savannah)

• Date: November 15 – December 21, 1864

• Generals

  • North: Sherman

  • South: Hardee,

    Wheeler

• Objective: Union wanted to take important transportation routes, divide South in half, and decrease morale

• Outcome: Union victory

  • Soldiers in Savannah had fled by the time Sherman arrived

  • Southern morale was low, extreme loss of supplies

  • frightened Georgia’s civilians

    • stole food, burned down houses of those who rebelled, raided farms

    • pillaging

The Civil War: Grant Captures Petersburg

• Location: Petersburg, Virginia

• Date: June 9, 1864 – March 25, 1865

• Generals

  • North: Grant, Meade,

    Butler

  • South: Lee,

    Beauregard

• Objective: Union wanted to surround Petersburg + cut off Lee’s supply lines

• Outcome: Union victory

  • 9-month siege to hold off Union from capturing Petersburg

  • Evacuation of Petersburg → Eventually loss of the Confederate capital at Richmond, VA and loss of South

  • Lee retreats from the city and surrenders

    • April 9, 1865 - Grant surrounds Lee's forces at Appomattox Courthouse

The Civil War: Fort Henry

• Location: Tennessee River

• Date: February 6, 1862

• Generals

  • North: Grant, Foote

  • South: Tilghman

• Objective: Union wanted to take fort and advance south

• Outcome: Union successfully takes fort + opens Tennessee River and Cumberland River

The Civil War: Fort Donelson

• Location: Cumberland River, Tennessee

• Date February 11–16, 1862

• Generals

  • North: Grant, Foote

  • South: Floyd, Pillow, Buckner

• Objective: Union wanted to take fort and advance south

• Outcome: Union successfully takes fort, become in control of Kentucky & Tennessee

The Civil War: Shiloh

• Location: Southwest Tennessee (Hardin County, Tennessee)

• Date: April 6–7, 1862

• Generals

  • North: Grant, Buell

  • South: Johnston, Beauregard

• Objective: Union wanted to control a vital rail center at Tennessee-Mississippi border; South wanted to keep North out of Mississippi

• Outcome: Union victory

  • Union was running low on supplies

  • south initially winning

  • eventually supplies came → Grant decided to attack at dawn

  • narrow victory for union → many union casualties

The Civil War: New Orleans

• Location: New Orleans, Louisiana

• Date: April 25 - May 1, 1862

• Generals

  • North: Farragut, Butler

  • South: Lovell

• Objective: Union wanted to capture New Orleans port and secure lower part of Mississippi River

• Outcome: Union victory

  • Farragut was an admiral

  • attacked at twilight (when your vision is most impaired)

    • decorated ships with green to camouflage with green and leafy river

    • told men not to engage with southerners when they were fired at

  • Union gained control of Mississippi River’s mouth and cut off the southern port→ captured New Orleans

  • met Grant at Vicksburg

The Civil War: Siege of Vicksburg

• Location: Vicksburg, Mississippi

• Date: May 18 – July 4, 1863

• Generals

  • North: Grant

  • South: Pemberton

• Objective: Union wanted to capture last Confederate stronghold on Mississippi River (Anaconda Plan)

• Outcome: Union victory

  • Vicksburg was an affluent city on a hill

  • lots of trading bc it was an in-land harbor

    • many hotels, wealthy merchants, restaurants, entertainment

  • part of Grant’s plan to take Mississippi

    • lay siege on city → prevented people from leaving → people starved and could not get supplies

    • wanted to place explosives under city → dug tunnels → eventually dug zig-zag tunnels to confuse southerners

    • Confederate surrender

      • war in west is over

      •  split Confederacy into two

      • Texas, Arkansas, & Louisiana cut off from other states

The Civil War: Chattanooga

• Location: Chattanooga Tennessee

  (Southern part)

• Date: September 21 – November 25, 1863

• Generals

  • North: Grant, Sherman, Rosecrans,

    Hooker, Thomas

  • South: Bragg, Longstreet,

    Breckinridge,

    Hardee

• Objective: Union wanted to take control of vital rail lines

• Outcome: Union victory

  • Chattanooga transformed into a based for Sherman’s March to the Sea

  • opened door for invasion of deep south

Ulysses S. Grant

• alcohol made him more effective

• opposite of McClellan

• liked by Linocoln

• found battle plan in cigar

  • discovered Confederacy’s plan for Antietam

The Civil War: Surrender

Grant accepted Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia