Introduction to Phlebotomy

Phlebotomy

process of collecting blood or practice of bloodletting

Early Egyptians

history of bloodletting dates back to the \________ and continues into modern times

12th Century

In \______, bloodletting was a practiced by barbers, whose red-white barber poles become the symbol of their trade.

Venesection

Piercing of the veins and made them bleed

Bad Blood

Lancing the veins was thought to eliminate the \_______ and remove the disease

Cupping

a heated glass cup was placed on a person's back

Scarring

Both venesection and cupping produced much \_______.

George Washington

First president of the United States who had a severe throat infection and cured by heavy bleeding in December 1799

December 14, 1799

George Washington dies due to loss of 9 pints of blood in less than 24 hours

Middle of the 19th century

Until \_______, bloodletting was no longer the cure for all illnesses.

Leeches

a modern method use to remove excess blood and relieve symptoms specifically in accidental amputations to return the normal blood flow immediately

Polycythemia vera & Hereditary Hemochromatosis

Bleeding of individuals is still practice today to treat diseases such as:

Diagnostic

Blood collection has changed from being therapeutic to being \_______.

Compatible

substances that can be mixed without reacting with one another

Demeanor

outward behavior or bearing of an individual

Esoteric

Type of laboratory tests that are not routinely done. These tests are often sent to another laboratory specializes in a specific test.

Ethics

Professional code of conduct in treatment of patients

Failure

A case when the system does not meet user or customer expectations

Pathology

study of the nature and cause of disease

Quantitative Analysis

the analysis of substance to determine the amount or proportions of the substance.

Results will be released as an amount, such as grams per liter

Qualitative Analysis

The chemical analysid designed to identify the components of a substance.

The result from this analysis are released as a positive or negative result.

Root Cause

Analysis of an event to determine the actual reason for the incident to prevent a recurrence

Threshold

acceptable level of performance

Phlebotomists' Primary Role

Collects blood as efficiently as possible for accurate and reliable test results

Venipuncture

Collection of blood from a vein by penetrating the vein with a needle

Eighty-five

\_______ percent of Hospitals follows centralized phlebotomy approach

Centralized Phlebotomy

Phlebotomist is dispatched from the laboratory to either nursing units or outpatient areas

Fifteen

\________ percent of the hospitals uses the decentralized phlebotomy approach

Decentralized Phlebotomy

More people are collecting blood samples during the busy times, where eveyone has contact with patients need to be multiskilled

Patient-Focused Care

The duties of the hospital staff revolve around the patient and the need to treat the patient quickly rather than being restricted to a specific job description

Patient care technician

In some hospitals, a versatile phlebotomist which had a multiskilled training is known as \_________

Hybrid Phlebotomy

blend of centralized and decentralized phlebotomy to reduce errors of the latter

Electrocardiography Department

Monitors patients with cardiovascular diseases and does EKGs

Electroencephalography Department

Diagnosis of neurophysiological diseases and does EEGs which is the electrical activity of the brain

Pharmacy Department

Dispenses drugs and advises on drug usage that are often much more potent than drugs from a corner drugstore

Physical Theraphy Department

works with patients who due to disease or injury are no longer able to function to their full physical capacity

Occupational Theraphy Department

Provides theraphy to patients to maintain their living skills

Radiology Department

provides radiologic patient studies, including plain X-ray films, CT scans, and MRI, and intraoperative techniques such as fluoroscopy, which provides real-time radiographic monitoring for orthopedic and other cases

Nursing Department

phlebotomists largest department works along

it provides direct patient care to patients

Administration Department

Keeps hospital in compliance between different departments

Environmental Services Department

Maintains the healthcare facility clean and sanitized

Food Service Department

works and provides dietary food plan to patients

Geriatric Department

works with elderly patients

Neonatal

works with newborn care patients

Oncology Department

works with cancer patients

Obsterics Department

works with patients in labor of childbirth

Nephrology

works with patients on dialysis

Intensive Care Unit

works with patients with increased care due to critical needs

Recovery

works recovery treatment of the patients

Main Laboratory

where most of the tests are done in a hospital

largest laboratory in the hospital

Ambulatory Care Laboratory

also called outpatient laboratory

provides rapid turnaround of results frequently ordered tests for outpatients

STAT Laboratory

tests should be done immediately in this laboratory

handles emergency requests

Surgery Laboratory

laboratory designated for surgical patients

Point of Care Testing

Tests performed at the patient's bedside or work of area, using a portable instrument.

Coagulation/Homeostatis

study of blood clotting mechanisms

Hematology

studies the blood in normal and diseased states, limited to the study of the blood's cellular components

Urinalysis

study or urine to aid in patient diagnosis

Chemistry Section

performa biochemical analysis of blood and body fluids

Microbiology

cultures sample to determine if pathogenic organsims are present in a sample

Immunology

studies the antigens and antibodies to detemine immunity to disease or presence of disease

Immunohematology

Determines compatibility of blood and blood products that are to be administered to patients

Cytogenetics

study of deficiencies related to genetic diseases

Molecular Diagnostics

using polymerase chain reaction technologies to study presence of various diseases or infections

Preexamination

all step that it takes to collect the sample and get it to the point in which testing of the sample can occur

Examination

set of operations to determine the value or characteristics of a property

all processes that are done to perform the test on the sample

Postexamination

process whereby the results of the testing are communicated to the physician

Managed Care

complex system to coordinate the provision of health services and health benefits

Health Maintance Organization (HMO)

Formed to provide health coverage for both hospital and physician servives. Members are required to use only contracted physicians and hospitals for their care.

Affordable Health Care Act

would allow people to stay insured under their parents until 26 years old

US added this option to help those that could not afford insurance

Preffered Provider Organization (PPO)

Contracts certain health facilities but offers more freedom for patients to choose to whom they go

higher cost to the patient or the employer

Scrub Suit

Phlebotomist will be most comfortable and acceptable wearing a \__________

Regional Laboratories

usually an offsite location, central to all hospitals involved

this laboratory is where most of the PSC and outpatient testing are performed

esoteric tests can be also performed in this laboratory

Medical Laboratory Scientist

bachelor's degree and MLS certification needed to works as \________

Pathologist

physician who reads and interpret results of laboratory tests or examines tissues under microscope

one with most education needed

Medical Laboratory Technician

works under the supervision of MLS that also perform general tests

Phlebotomy Technician

collects blood samples to be usedin laboratories

needed training in addition to a highschool diploma

Cytotechnologist

examines cells under the microscope to detect signs of diseases

must hold baccalaureate degrees and have special training

Histotechnologist

prepares tissue sample for microscopic examination by the pathologist

must hold baccalaureate degreee and have special training in tissue preparation

Limited Phlebotomy Technician

phlebotomist that is only able to perform skin punctures

must perform 25 skin punctures before meeting qualifications

Phlebotomy Technician I

phlebotomist that performs skin punctures and venipunctures

must perform 50 venipunctures and 10 skin punctures to meet qualification and pass national certifying exam

Phlebotomy Technician II

phlebotomist that performs skin punctures, venipunctures and arterial punctures

must perform 20 arterial punctures and meet requirements of the Certified PhlebTech I.

Responsibility

refers to the tasks or duties assigned to the position within the organization

Accountability

obligation to someone higher on the hierarchy

Organizational Chart

multilevel vertical hierarchy that signifies relationdhop of one position to another

Patient Care Partnership 2003

drafted to support of ethical treatment of patients and an understanding of a patient's rights and responsibilities

ensures greater satisfaction of the patient, physician and health care facility

Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990

This act requires all hospitals participating in Medicare programs to ask all adult inpatients if they have advance directives

Formal Advance Directives

documents written before incapacitating illness that give instructions about persons' health care, if in the future, they cannot speak for themselves

The Joint Comission

Sets standard of care to ensure quality and reliability of health care
Surveys are accepted by Medicare (reimbursement)
Laboratory tests must meet \_______ accuracy standards

College of American Pathologists (CAP)

Proficiency samples are sent to laboratories for accuracy checks
inspects lab procedures and laboratory results

National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences (NAACLS)

agency that accredits educational programs for clinical laboratory personnel and related health care professionals

Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)

Establishes guidelines and procedures for the laboratories
Consists of representatives of the laboratory and laboratory industry
maintains the uniformity of laboratory procedures in a national basis

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act of 1988

Enforced by a committee of inspectors
Main goal is to protect patients from receiving inaccurate results

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

The federal regulatory compliance agency that develops, publishes, and enforces guidelines concerning safety in the workplace. They can issue fines if there are violations.

Sentinal Events

Unexpected occurrences involving risk of or actual death or serious physical or psychological injury

Total Quality Management plan

A management plan that ensures that the quality expected can be met

Six Sigma

works to identify and improve processes usig data and customer requirements to reduce errors

Lean Philosophy

helps to develops workflow pograms to streamline laboratory operations

Quality Control

Methods to monitor processes and confirm processes are within the preestablished limits.

Quality Assurance

Program that strives to have the health care facility guarantee that all are providing the highest quality and most appropriate level of care

Quality Improvement

Review and monitoring of outcomes to strive toward continuous improvement in performance