KEY SCIENCE SKILLS

Observation

A way of gathering information using the senses.

Inference

A logical interpretation based on observations and prior knowledge.

Hypothesis

A testable prediction based on prior knowledge or observation.

Scientific question

A question that can be tested through experimentation or observation.

Steps in scientific research

Ask a question → Form a hypothesis → Plan & conduct investigation → Collect data → Analyse → Conclude.

Independent variable

The variable that is deliberately changed in an experiment.

Dependent variable

The variable that is measured or observed in response to the independent variable.

Controlled variables

Variables that are kept the same to ensure a fair test.

Control group

A group that does not receive the experimental treatment; used for comparison.

Repetition in experiments

Improves reliability and reduces the effect of random errors.

Qualitative data

Descriptive data (e.g., colour, smell).

Quantitative data

Numerical data (e.g., temperature, time).

Accuracy

How close a measurement is to the true or accepted value.

Precision

How close repeated measurements are to each other.

Outlier

A data point that is far from others and may indicate error or variation.

Graph for continuous data

Line graph.

Graph for categorical data

Column or bar graph.

Trend line

The general pattern or direction of data points on a graph.

Conclusion

A summary of the experiment based on data and observations.

Valid conclusion

Based on reliable, accurate data and answers the research question.

Reliable results

Results that are consistent when repeated under the same conditions.

Evaluation

A critical judgement about the quality of the investigation, identifying errors and improvements.

Source of error

Human error, faulty equipment, or inconsistent measurement technique.

Why is lab safety important?

To prevent harm and ensure ethical, legal responsibility in experiments.

Safety goggles

Protect eyes from chemicals or hot substances.

Lab coat

Protects body and clothing from spills and splashes.

Bunsen burner

A device that produces a flame for heating substances.

Measuring cylinder

Accurately measures the volume of liquids.

Beaker

Used to hold, mix, and heat liquids.

Tripod and gauze mat

Used to support equipment above a Bunsen burner flame.

Evaporating dish

Used to heat solutions and evaporate the solvent.

Test tube

Holds small quantities of substances for reactions or heating.

Test tube holder

Used to hold a test tube when it’s hot or being heated.

Tongs

Used to hold or move hot equipment.

Fume cupboard

Used to handle harmful or smelly chemicals safely.

Glassware safety

Handle carefully; don’t use if chipped or cracked.

Chemical disposal

Follow teacher instructions; don’t pour chemicals down the sink unless told.

Good experimental practice

Use equipment properly, record results clearly, and wear PPE.