Untitled Flashcards Set

What are the first general technologies used in police work according to the timeline?

What are the first general technologies used in police work according to the timeline?

Patrol Cars

What equipment is generally found in a patrol car?

Radio communications, emergency lights, sirens, guns, and first aid kits.

About what percentage of law enforcement agencies (LEA) use body worn cameras?

Approximately 50%.

What is the general purpose of ShotSpotter?

To detect and locate gunfire incidents using acoustic sensors.

What is the general purpose of High-Definition Surveying (HDS)?

To capture precise measurements of crime scenes.

What is the general purpose of crime mapping software?

To visualize crime patterns and trends through geographic analysis.

What are the methods of predictive policing?

Statistical analysis, data mining, and crime forecasting.

What year was DNA evidence introduced in court?

What does CODIS stand for?

Combined DNA Index System.

What size are the majority of police departments?

Small to medium-sized departments.

What has historically influenced the structure of a police department?

Community needs and political influences.

What is the general structural rank of police departments below the Chief of department?

Deputy Chief, Captain, Lieutenant, Sergeant, Officer.

What are the main differences between Sheriffs and Police Officers?

Sheriffs are elected officials overseeing county law enforcement, while police officers work for municipal departments.

Is there a difference between aggressive policing and zero tolerance policing?

Yes, aggressive policing focuses on stopping crime through high-visibility enforcement, while zero tolerance enforces strict penalties for minor offenses.

Does response time matter in policing?

Yes, quicker response times can improve crime deterrence and increase public trust.

What are the key points of the Broken Windows Model?

Addressing minor crimes can prevent more serious crimes by maintaining order.

How does disorder correlate to crime in the Broken Windows Model?

Increased disorder often leads to increased crime rates.

What is the general basis of Community-Oriented Policing (COP)?

Building partnerships between police and the community to solve problems.

What is the goal of Community-Oriented Policing (COP)?

To enhance public safety through community collaboration.

What is the general basis of Problem-Oriented Policing (POP)?

Identifying and analyzing specific crime problems to develop effective solutions.

Does Problem-Oriented Policing (POP) use a model?

Yes, it often utilizes the SARA model: Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment.

What is the main difference between evidence-led and intelligence-led policing?

Evidence-led focuses on tangible evidence while intelligence-led emphasizes information and analysis.

What is the difference between an investigator and a detective?

Investigators are often uniformed officers gathering initial information, while detectives are specialized in conducting investigations.

What is the Blue Curtain in police subculture?

A metaphor for the internal solidarity and secrecy among police officers.

What is the definition of police discretion?

The authority of police officers to make decisions based on their judgment.

What is low-visibility decision making in policing?

Decisions made by police officers that are not subject to public scrutiny.

What are the four styles of policing behaviors?

Enforcement, counseling, service, and order maintenance.

What are the general definitions of each style of policing behavior?

Enforcement: strict law enforcement; Counseling: guiding behavior; Service: helping the community; Order Maintenance: maintaining public peace.

What are the impacts of the War on Drugs?

Increased incarceration rates, racial disparities, and social stigma.

What is the general premise of redlining?

A discriminatory practice of denying services to residents of certain areas based on their race.

What did redlining do and what were the impacts?

It led to disinvestment in certain neighborhoods and contributed to long-term socioeconomic disparities.

What is the general premise of the Slippery Slope?

The idea that small, seemingly harmless actions can lead to significant negative consequences.

Is there racial discrimination in police use of force?

Yes, studies indicate racial disparities in the use of force by police.

What are the levels of the Use of Force Continuum?

Presence, verbal commands, soft techniques, hard techniques, and deadly force.

What interactions correspond with presence on the Use of Force Continuum?

Officer's mere presence can deter criminal behavior.

What does not qualify as a search under the 4th Amendment?

Things in plain view, open fields, and abandoned property.

How does ‘arrest’ fit under the 4th Amendment?

Arrests must be based on probable cause, protecting citizens from unreasonable seizures.

What is the difference between a Terry Stop and an arrest?

A Terry Stop is a brief stop based on reasonable suspicion, while an arrest is based on probable cause.

What is the difference between search and arrest warrants?

Search warrants are for searching premises, while arrest warrants are for detaining individuals.

Who issues search warrants?

Judges or magistrates.

What are the requirements to obtain a warrant?

Probable cause and specific descriptions of the place to be searched or person to be arrested.

What are the listed exceptions to the 4th Amendment?

Consent, exigent circumstances, search incident to arrest, and plain view.

How is probable cause defined?

A reasonable belief that a crime has been committed or evidence of a crime is present.

Does the 4th Amendment clearly define probable cause?

No, it does not provide a precise definition.

What counts as something being in plain view?

Objects that are immediately visible to law enforcement when they are in a lawful position.

What is wiretapping, and is it constitutional?

Wiretapping is electronic surveillance of telephone communications; must comply with the 4th Amendment.

What Amendment is important for interrogations?

The 5th Amendment.

Do Miranda Warnings impact the number of confessions?

Yes, they often reduce the number of confessions.

What are the lineup processes in pretrial identifications?

Showing one suspect among multiple individuals to witnesses.

What is the most common technique used today for lineup processes?

Sequential lineups.

What is the Fruits of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine?

Evidence obtained illegally cannot be used in court.

What are the exceptions to the Fruits of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine?

Independent source, inevitable discovery, and attenuation.