AP World History Outline

Song Dynasty

Song Dynasty

A Chinese dynasty that employed Confucianism, civil service, and emphasized filial piety, known for its cultural, social, and environmental impacts.

Neo-Confucianism

A philosophy that aimed to eliminate Buddhist influences on Confucian thoughts, emphasizing the importance of Confucian principles.

Mandate of Heaven

The belief that Chinese emperors were divinely granted the right to rule, legitimizing their power.

Imperial Bureaucracy

A governmental entity responsible for executing the emperor's will, with positions earned through meritocracy.

Filial Piety

The practice of children honoring and obeying their parents and ancestors, a significant social norm in East Asia.

Civil Service Examination

A system where bureaucratic positions were obtained based on merit rather than aristocratic lineage.

Champa Rice

A high-yield rice variety that contributed to the commercialization and prosperity of Song China's economy.

Abbasid Caliphate

An Islamic empire that faced decline due to Mongol invasions, leading to the emergence of new Islamic political entities.

Sufis

Islamic mystics who blended religion with local beliefs, aiding in the spread of Islam.

Swahili City-States

A series of cities along the East African coast that thrived on commerce, influenced by Muslim traders and characterized by a merchant elite social hierarchy.

Spread of Hinduism and Buddhism into Southeast Asia

Religions originating in India that spread to Southeast Asia, influencing culture and society.

Spread of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia

Expansion of the Islamic faith into regions such as sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, impacting religious beliefs and practices.

Gunpowder and paper from China

Inventions from China that spread to other regions, revolutionizing warfare and communication.

Increased trade and productivity → increased urbanization and the growth of cities

Growth in trade leading to higher productivity, urbanization, and the development of cities.

Environmental effects of exchange networks

Impact of exchange networks on the environment, including the diffusion of crops, pathogens, and epidemic diseases.

Comparison of Economic Exchange

Analyzing the similarities and differences among various exchange networks from c.1200~1450.

Land-Based Empires c.1450~1750

Period characterized by the expansion of land-based empires using gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade.

Empires Administration

Methods used by rulers to legitimize and consolidate power in land-based empires from 1450 to 1750.

Empires

Belief Systems:Continuity and change within belief systems in various empires from 1450 to 1750, including the Protestant Reformation and the split within Islam.

Technological Innovations c.1450 to 1750

Diffusion of technology through cross-cultural interactions, leading to changes in trade and travel patterns.

Exploration

Causes and Events:Role of states in maritime exploration from 1450 to 1750, including the voyages of Columbus and the establishment of maritime empires.

Columbian Exchange

Causes and effects of the Columbian Exchange on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, involving the transfer of commodities, people, and diseases.

Maritime Empires Established

Process of state building and expansion among various empires and states from 1450 to 1750, focusing on the establishment of new trading posts and colonial economies.

Maritime Empires Maintained and Developed

Employment of economic strategies by rulers to consolidate power, including mercantilist policies and the continuities and changes in networks of exchange.

Economic Developments

Changes in economic structures from 1450 to 1750 impacting social systems over time.

Rise of New Elites

Emergence of new elite classes in societies during the period from 1450 to 1750.

Slave Trade

Demand for labor leading to the transatlantic slave trade and the resulting mixing of peoples contributing to the Casta system.

Enlightenment Influence

Impact of Enlightenment ideas on the Atlantic Revolutions, emphasizing reason, natural rights, and the social contract.

Nationalism

Strong pride in one's culture, ethnic group, or country, becoming a major force during the Enlightenment period.

Industrialization

The process of industrialization and its effects on social hierarchies and living standards during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Social Reform Movements

Influence of Enlightenment and religious ideals on reform movements, expanding rights and challenging hierarchies.

Unification

Efforts towards unification in Germany and Italy during the 19th century, led by figures like Otto von Bismarck and Count Camillo Cavour.

Environmental Factors

Contribution of environmental factors like waterways, resources, urbanization, and legal protection to industrialization.

Technology in Industrial Age

Impact of technological advancements like steam engines, railroads, and telegraphs on economic production during the Industrial Age.

Migration Patterns 1750-1900

Various factors influenced migration patterns during this period, including voluntary relocation for work and coerced labor such as slavery and indentured servitude.

Effects of Migration 1750-1900

New migration patterns led to societal changes, with male migrants leaving women to take on new roles and the creation of ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world.

Imperial Collapse Causes

Land-based and maritime empires like the Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors, leading to significant changes like the Russian communist revolution.

Causes of WWI

The causes of World War I can be summarized by the acronym MANIAC - Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, Assassination of Archduke, and Conflict in the Balkans.

Conducting WWI

Governments used various methods like political propaganda and new military technology to conduct World War I, resulting in increased wartime casualties.

Economy in the Interwar Period

Governments responded to economic crises post-1900 with interventions like the New Deal in the USA and the Soviet Union's Five Year Plans for rapid industrialization.

Causes of WWII

Unsustainable peace settlements, economic crises, imperialist aspirations, and the rise of fascist regimes like Nazi Germany were key factors leading to World War II.

Conducting WWII

Governments used political propaganda, intensified nationalism, and new military technology to mobilize populations for war, resulting in increased casualties during World War II.

Mass Atrocities 1900-Present

Extremist groups in power led to mass atrocities like the Holocaust during WWII and other genocides in places like Armenia, Cambodia, Rwanda, and Ukraine.

Spread of Communism

Internal tensions and Japanese aggression in China led to the adoption of communism, with policies like the Great Leap Forward impacting the population negatively.

Redistribution Movements

Movements advocating communism or socialism emerged to redistribute economic resources in states across Africa, Asia, and Latin America post-1900.

Decolonization Processes

Peoples pursued independence through negotiations or armed struggles, leading to the creation of new states and challenges to inherited imperial boundaries.

Newly Independent States

Political changes post-1900 resulted in the creation of new states and economic developments guided by governments to promote development in newly independent states.

Global Resistance

Various reactions to existing power structures post-1900 led to global resistance movements challenging established power structures.

Violent Resistance to Global Power Structures

Using violence to challenge and oppose dominant global political systems, as seen in Chile under Augusto Pinochet and Spain under Francisco Franco.

Authoritarian Rule and Political Oppression

Imposing strict control and censorship over society, as practiced by Pinochet in Chile and Franco in Spain to maintain power.

Non-violent Resistance to Global Power Structures

Peaceful methods of opposing global power structures, exemplified by Mohandas Gandhi in India and Nelson Mandela in South Africa.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement led by Martin Luther challenging the Roman Catholic Church's practices, leading to the creation of Protestantism.

End of the Cold War

The conclusion of the Cold War due to factors like U.S. military advancements, the USSR's failed invasion of Afghanistan, and economic weaknesses in communist countries.

Technological Advances in Globalization

Development of new technologies like communication modes, transportation, energy sources, and medical innovations that transformed societies and economies globally.

Environmental Impact on Human Populations

The effects of diseases, medical advancements, and environmental changes on populations worldwide, influencing health and longevity.

Economic Changes in the Global Age

Shifts in the global economy towards free-market policies, technological revolutions, and the growth of knowledge economies in various regions.

Calls for Social Reform

Movements challenging traditional social categories and practices, advocating for rights-based discourses and inclusive participation in education and professions.

Globalized Culture

Changes in culture due to globalization, leading to the spread of popular culture, consumerism, and global media platforms.