Unit 1: The Global Tapestry c.1200~1450

A. Developments in East Asia from c.1200~c.1450

1.1 Explain the systems of government employed by Chinese dynasties and how they developed over time

• Song Dynasty

  • Neo-Confucianism sought to get rid of Confucian thoughts of the influence of Buddhism

  • Political: Confucianism, civil service

  • Social: Filial piety (patriarchy)

  • Cultural: Chinese character, Hangul, religion, cultural norms

  • Environmental: Rice cultivation

  • Confucianism

    • taught that human society is hierarchical by nature (patriarchy)

• Imperial Bureaucracy

  • Governmental entity that carries out wills of emperor

  • civil service examination:

    • example of a change in governmental system (Aristocracy→Meritocracy)

    • bureaucratic jobs earned on the basis of merit

• Mandate of Heaven - How Chinese emperor legitimized power

  • The belief that the Chinese emperor had a divine right to rule given him by the god or divine force known as Heaven or Sky

1.2 Explain the effects of innovation on the Chinese economy over time

• Filial Piety in East Asia

  • Filial Piety: Necessity of children obeying and honoring parents, ancestors

    • Kowtow: bowing to show respect

  • Foot binding: Status symbol among elites - young girls had toes bent

• Influence of Confucianism on gender relations and social hierarchies

  • patriarchy

• Branches of Buddhism: Theravada, Mahayana, Tibetan - As Buddhism interacted with various Asian cultures, new forms of Buddhism were created

  • Theravada: Believed people outside of monasteries were too occupied with the world

  • Mahayana: encouraged a broader participation

• Development of Buddhism in East Asia (Zen, Pure Land, Chan, etc.)

• Chinese library and scholarly traditions and their spread to Heian Japan and Korea

1.3 Explain the effects of innovation on the Chinese economy over time

• Economy of Song China became increasingly commercialized while continuing to depend on free peasant and artisanal labor

• Song’s economy flourished — increased productive capacity, expanding trade network, and manufacture/agricultural innovations

  • Champa Rice

    • Matured early, resisted drought, could be harvested multiple times a year

  • Grand Canal

    • facilitated trade and communication internally in China

  • Iron production

  • Textiles and porcelains for export

    • Commercialization of economy, sold goods across Eurasia

    • Chinese trade thrived

B. Developments in Dar-al-Islam from c.1200 ~ c.1450

1.1 Explain how systems of belief and their practice affected society

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam and other core beliefs and practices continued to shape societies in Africa and Asia

1.2 Explain the causes and effects of the rise of Islamic states over time

• Abbasid Caliphate

  • began to break up due to Mongol Empire invasion

    • → New islamic political entities emerged (most dominated by Turkic people; Gunpowder Empires)

• Muslim rule continued to expand to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion

• Islam spread further through the activities of merchants, missionaries, and Sufis

  • Sufis: Mix of religion with local beliefs → Helped spread easily

  • Jesuits: Catholic missionaries

• Jizya Tax

  • tax that non-Muslims had to pay for keeping their faith

  • example of religious tolerance

1.3 Explain the effects of intellectual innovation in Dar-al-Islam

• Advances in mathematics (algebra, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi)

• Advances in medicine (Ibn Sina aka Avicenna)

• Advances in literature (A’Ishah al-Ba’uniyyah)

• House of Wisdom in Baghdad

  • library with scholarly works where Arab scholars translated works

  • under the Abbasid Empire during the Golden age of Islam

• Preservation of commentaries on Greek moral and natural philosophy

• Scholarly and cultural transfers in Muslim and Christian Spain (Ibn Rushd aka Averroes)

C. Developments in South and Southeast Asia from c.1200 ~ c.1450

1.1 Explain how the various belief systems of South and Southeast Asia affected society over time

• Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam and their core beliefs and practices, continued to shape societies

  • Angkor Wat shows influence of Hinduism+Buddhism

    • built as a Hindu temple but after conversion to Buddhism, Buddhist elements were added (Continuity + Change)

• Buddhist monasticism

  • the study of Buddhist doctrine, the practice of meditation, and the observance of good moral character

• Caste System

  • a social hierarchy passed down through families

• Bhakti Movement @Southern India

  • Emphasized devotion to just one of the Hindu Gods

  • Promoted social equality, challenging the Hindu Caste system

1.2 Explain how various states in South and Southeast Asia developed and maintained power over time

• Srivijaya Empire

  • maritime and commercial kingdom that flourished between the 7th and the 13th centuries, largely in what is now Indonesia

• Khmer Empire

  • ancient Cambodian state that ruled much of mainland Southeast Asia

  • largest continuous empire of South East Asia

  • highly religious

• Rajput Kingdoms

  • collection of rival and warring Hindu kingdoms that preexisted before muslim rule

• Sukhothai Kingdom

  • political and administrative capital of the first Kingdom of Siam

D. State Building in the Americas

1.1 Explain how various states in the Americas developed and changed over time. How did they maintain order and keep and exercise power? Why?

• Maya city-states

  • served the specialised roles of administration, commerce, manufacturing and religion that characterised ancient cities worldwide

• Mexica (Aztecs)

  • Replied on tributary relationships, highly decentralized

  • created an elaborate system of tribute states — conquered people provided labor

  • enslaved people = human sacrifices

• Inca

  • Highly centralized

  • elaborate bureaucracy

    • rigid hierarchy of officials spread throughout empire

  • Mit’a System: forced labor system that required all people to provide labor on state projects like mining, military, farms, etc.

• Cahokia

E. State Building in Africa

1.1 Explain how states in Africa developed and changed over time.

• Ethiopia

  • Grew and flourished → Trade with other states around the Mediterranean and Arabian Peninsula

  • the only Christian state out of other African states - resembled hierarchical structures

• Great Zimbabwe

  • Powerful African state that grew by trade

    • cause: Increasing African and international trade

    • Effect: Zimbabwe grew exceedingly wealthy, shifting to mainly gold exports

  • rulers and people there never converted to Islam, but rather maintained their indigenous religion (continuity)

• Ghana, Mali, Songhai (i.e. West African Islamic Empires)

• Swahili city-states

  • series of cities organized around commerce - trade along East African coast

  • became more influential as it got more involved in Indian ocean trade

  • politically independent with common social hierarchy (merchant elite>commoners)

  • influenced by muslim traders

    • Swahili = Indigenous African Bantu + Arabic alphabet

      • syncretism of language/culture

  • Dealers for goods originated from African interior

  • Became islamic → economic prosperity

F. Developments in Europe from c.1200 ~ c.1450

1.1 Explain how the beliefs and practices of the predominant religions in Europe affected European society

• Christianity, and to a lesser extent Judaism and Islam, continued to shape societies in Europe through their core values and practices (e.g. monasticism)

1.2 Explain the causes and consequences of political decentralization in Europe.

• Decentralized Monarchies

  • a decentralized sociopolitical structure in which a weak monarchy attempts to control the lands of the realm with regional leaders

• Feudalism

  • a system in which people were given land and protection by people of higher rank, and worked and fought for them in return.

• Manorial System

  • involved a manor house on a self-sufficient estate worked by peasants, serfs, and free laborers

  • method of land ownership in parts of Europe- economic structure

1.3 Explain the effects of agriculture on social organization in Europe.

• Largely an agricultural society

• Dependent on free and coerced labor, including serfdom

G. *Required Comparison:

Explain the similarities and differences in the processes of state formation from c.1200 to c.1450. (State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in various regions.)

• Powerful military

• State bureaucracy (Europe an exception. Rise of the New Monarchies 1450-1550)

• Government infrastructure (i.e. road building, canals, etc.)

• Strong religions offering social control at home and impetus for expansion abroad

• Long-distance trade and internal trade to expand the economy

*Potential Examples:

• Abbasids and emerging Islamic states

• Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia

• Various Afro-Eurasian states and empires

• Empires and states that emerged in the Americas

Unit 2: Networks of Exchange c.1200~1450

A. The Silk Roads

1.1 Explain the causes and effects of growth of networks of exchange after 1200

• Geographical range and volume of trade along the Silk Road expanded

  • → Growth of powerful new trading cities (e.g. Samarkand and Kashgar)

• The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods

  • Encouraged by innovations such as caravanserai, forms of credit, and money economies

    • Caravanserai: provided safety along the route - brought merchants from all different cultures together→ cultural transfers

    • Flying Money: Merchant could deposit bills in one location and withdraw same amount

    • Paper Money: before, barter economy, but now paper money

    • Bills of exchange, banking houses

• Demand for luxury goods (porcelain, silk) increased in Afro-Eurasia

  • Chinese, Persians, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export

  • The manufacture of iron and steel in China expanded

B. The Mongol Empire and the Making of the Modern World

1.1 Explain the process of state building and decline in Eurasia over time

• Empires collapsed in different regions of the world and in some areas were replaced by new imperial states, including Mongol Khanates

• Mongol Empire

  • Facilitated communication and cooperation across the empire

  • largest land-based empire of all time - functioned through khanates

    • replaced powerful empires across Eurasia

  • Networks of exchange increased significantly

    • Silk Roads flourished the most when large empires controlled the routes

  • didn’t participate in trading, but as the entire Eurasian world came under their domination, they extracted enormous wealth

  • Pax Mongolica: peace of Mongols

    • transfer of greek and islamic medical knowledge to west europe

1.2 Explain how the expansion of empires influenced trade and communication over time

• The expansion of empires - including Mongols - facilitated Afro-Eurasion trade and communication as new people were drawn into their conquerors economies and trade networks

1.3 Explain the significance of the Mongol Empire in terms of interregional patterns of continuity and change.

• Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires, including the Mongols, encouraged significant technological, cultural, and biological exchange.

  • Transfer of Greco-Islamic medical knowledge to western Europe

  • Transfer of numbering systems to Europe

  • Adoption of Uighur script

C. Exchange in the Indian Ocean

1.1 Explain the causes of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200

• Improved transportation technologies

  • led to an increased volume of trade

  • expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes, including the Indian Ocean

  • Promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities

    • e.g. Swahili city-states, Gujarat, Sultanate of Malacca

• Innovations in transportation and commercial technologies

  • led to the growth of interregional trade in luxury goods

  • e.g. Astrolabe, compass, and larger ship designs

• The Indian Ocean Trade Network fostered the growth of states

1.2 Explain the effects of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200

• Merchants set up diasporic communities (settlement of ethnic people in location rather than their homeland) in key places along important trade routes

  • introduced their cultures into the indigenous cultures, and the indigenous cultures also influenced the merchant cultures

    • e.g. Arab and Persian communities in East Africa

    • e.g. Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia *

• Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires

  • Encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers

  • Zheng He

    • Sent by Ming Dynasty to go throughout the Indian Ocean in rolling states in China’s tributary system

      • → China’s advanced maritime technology could spread

    • Purpose of voyage was to display the might of Ming Dynasty and receive tribute

1.3 Explain the role of environmental factors in the development of networks and trade

• The expansion of trade often depended on environmental knowledge such as advanced knowledge of the monsoon winds

D. Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

1.1 Explain the causes and effects of the growth of trans-Saharan trade

• Innovations in existing transportation technologies encouraged more trade

  • Camel saddle: transporting bigger loads of cargo across desert

  • + caravanserai, caravans

1.2 Explain how the expansion of empires influenced trade and communication over time

• The expansion of empires - such as Mali in West Africa

  • facilitated Afro-Eurasian trade and communication as new people were drawn into the economies and trade networks

  • conversion of leadership to Islam → prosperous merchant network

  • Under Mansa Musa, reached highest point

    • e.g. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portuguese founded a navigational school that brought the Portuguese to the coasts of West Africa seeking trade and source of gold

E. Cultural Consequences of Connectivity

1.1 Explain the intellectual and cultural effects of the various networks of exchange in Afro-Eurasia

• Increased cross-cultural interactions

  • → Diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions, scientific and technological innovations

    • Influence of Buddhism in East Asia

    • Spread of Hinduism and Buddhism into Southeast Asia

    • Spread of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia

    • e.g. Gunpowder and paper from China

      • Gunpowder was invented in China, spread to Muslim empires

• Increased trade and productivity → increased urbanization and the growth of cities

• Periods of trade disruption or reductions in productions led to a corresponding decline of cities, especially those linked to trade

• As exchange networks intensified, an increasing number of travelers within Afro-Eurasia wrote about their travels.

  • e.g. Marco Polo, Ibn Battuta, and Margery Kempe

F. Environmental Consequences of Connectivity

1.1 Explain the environmental effects of the various exchange networks.

• There was a continued diffusion of crops and pathogens, with epidemic diseases, including the bubonic plague, along trade routes

  • e.g. bananas across Africa, new rice varieties in East Asia, and the spread of citrus fruit around the Mediterranean

G. Comparison of Economic Exchange

Required Course Content: Explain the similarities and differences among the various networks of exchange in the period from c.1200~1450

Unit 3: Land-Based Empires c.1450~1750

A. Empires Expand

1.1 Explain how and why various land-based empires developed and expanded from 1450 to 1750.

• Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres <Gunpowder Empires>

  • Ottoman Empire

    • adopted gunpowder weapons to expand quickly

    • Tanzimat Reforms: modernization/industrialization

      • created secular schools focusing on science education over rleigion

    • Sick men of Europe- economic difficulties, social unrest or impoverishment

    • conquered Constantinople and renamed it to Istamnbul

    • enslaved many christians, converted them to Islam

      • Janissaries: military, expertise with gunpowder

        • devshirme: kidnapping young Christian boys and making them soldiers

    • SUNNI MUSLIM (anyone is fit for next leader)

  • Safavid Empire

    • Under Ismail, they conquered neighboring territories and expanded rapidly

    • lacked natural defensive barriers

      • Shah Abbas adopted gunpowder weapons to build the Safavid military

    • SHIA MUSLIM (Muhammad’s blood should be leader)

  • Mughal Empire

    • Babur conquered Delhi Sultanate and came to leadership

    • Akbar (grandson) further expanded empire

      • tolerant of all belief systems and abolished Jizya Tax

      • wanted harmony among Muslims and Hindus

  • Manchu Empire (Qing Dynasty)

    • reserved all positions to ethnically Manchu people

    • took Mongols out and created a new dynasty with their own people

• Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflicts between states

  • Ottomans vs Safavids (Battle of Chaldiron), Thirty Years’ War in Europe

B. Empires Administration

1.1 Explain how rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires from 1450 to 1750

• Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites and the development of military professionals became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources

  • e.g. Ottoman devshirme system and Janissaries

• Usage of architecture, art, religion to legitimize rule

  • e.g. Aztec human sacrifice, European notions of divine right (idea that monarchs are chosen by God), European palaces such as Versailles, Mughal mausolea and mosques

• Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion

  • e.g. Jean Baptiste Colbert and Louis XIV’s France, Ottoman tax farming, Aztec tribute lists, Ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency

C. Empires: Belief Systems

1.1 Explain continuity and change within the various belief systems during the period from 1450 to 1750

• The Protestant Reformation

  • marked a break with the existing Christian traditions and both the Protestant and Catholic Reformations contributed to the growth of Christianity

• Political rivalries between the Ottoman (Sunni) and Safavid (Shia) empires

  • intensified the split within Islam between Sunni and Shi’a

• Sikhism developed in South Asia in a context of interactions between Hinduism and Islam

  • Sikhism: syncretic blend of Hindu + Islamic doctrines

D. Comparison in Land-Based Empires

*Required Course Content: Compare the methods by which various empires increased their influence from 1450 to 1750. (Combine Units 3 and 4)

• adoption of gunpowder weapons

• transoceanic voyaging

• engaging in long-distance trade and controlling important trade routes

• spreading their religion and converting new peoples

• the rise of syncretic belief systems and practices

• powerful centralized government structures

Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections c.1450~1750

A. Technological Innovations from c.1450 to c. 1750

1.1 Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technology and facilitated changes in patterns of trade and travel.

• Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical Islamic, and Asian worlds spread

  • Facilitated European technological developments and innovations

    • e.g. European technological developments influenced by cross-cultural interactions with the Classical Islamic and Asian worlds

      • → lateen sail, compass, astronomical charts

• The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and current patterns

  • Made transoceanic travel and trade possible

    • e.g. Innovations in ship design such as fluyts, carracks, and caravels

B. Exploration: Causes and Events

1.1 Describe the role of states in the expansion of maritime exploration from 1450 to 1750.

• New state-supported transoceanic maritime exploration occurred in this period

1.2 Explain the economic causes and effects of maritime exploration by the various European states.

• Portugal

  • Increased travel to and trade with Africa and Asia

  • Resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire

  • Prince Henry the Navigator brought together ship builders to figure out how to ship down the coast of Africa

    • set up trading ports using ships with cannons and controlled Indian ocean trade

  • Bartolomeu Dias

    • Sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean

      • →Showed that the Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean flowed into each other

  • Vasco de Gama

    • First European to find an ocean trading route to India - connected Europe&Asia

    • Portuguese merchants and sailors dominated Indian Ocean and attempted to control all shipping → European imperialism in Asia

• Spain

  • sponsorship of the voyages of Columbus and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically

    • Sponsored Christopher Columbus to search for a Western route to spice from India

    • used ways like tribute collecting and coerced labor to maintain control

      • increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade

  • Hernan Cortes

    • Spanish conquistador who sought glory and gold for himself and his men

      • arrived in Tenochtitlan with less than 1000 men but was able to conquer Mexica capital with superior technology and help of Mexica enemies

      • destroyed Aztec empire, claimed Mexica in behalf of Spain

  • Pizarro

    • Headed to relatively unexplored lands of South America

      • Inca were already in political disarray when Pizarro arrived

    • was able to conquer Inca Empire with the use of guns, horses, disease

• Northern Atlantic crossings were undertaken under English, French, and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia

• Treaty of Tordesillas

  • Portuguese and Spanish are religiously Catholic

    • went to Pope to resolve conflicts

  • agreed on an imaginary line to divide the lands

C. Columbian Exchange

1.1 Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

• Columbian Exchange

  • The process by which commodities, people, and diseases crossed the Atlantic

  • Result: Exchange of new plants, animals, diseases

• European colonization of the Americas

  • → Unintentional transfer of disease spreaders (mosquitoes, rats), spread of diseases (smallpox, measles, malaria)

    • substantially & catastrophically reduced the American indigenous populations

• American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa (e.g. potatoes, corn)

• Cash crops (e.g. sugarcane, coffee, tobacco)

  • Grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor

  • Exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East

• Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals (e.g. horses, pigs, cattle) were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African slaves (e.g. rice and okra)

• Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops

D. Maritime Empires Established

1.1 Explain the process of state building and expansion among various empires and states in the period from 1450 to 1750.

• Europeans established new trading posts in Africa and Asia

  • Proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks

  • Some Asian states responded by adopting restrictive/isolationist trade policies (Japan)

• Driven largely by political, religious, and economic rivalries, European states established new maritime empires, including the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British

  • Fostered the growth of states in Africa that sold slaves, such as the Asante and the Kingdom of Kongo.

• African states that participated in the trading networks saw their influence increase

1.2 Explain the continuities and changes in the economic and labor systems.

• Despite the arrival of the Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch merchants, existing trade routes in the Indian Ocean continued to flourish and included intra-Asian trade and Asian merchants

  • Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas - largely dependent on agriculture

    • Utilized existing labor systems

      • Mit’a <incan>

        • subjects provided labor for certain # of days

      • Chattel Slavery

        • Purchaser has total ownership of enslaved person (race-based, hereditary)

      • Indentured servitude <british>

        • contract that bound laborers to a particular work (7 yrs)

        • end of contract, laborer can go free

      • Encomienda <spanish>

        • Indigenous Americans forced to provide labor for Spanish in exchange for food and protection

        • no land ownership, all about controlling indigenous population

      • Hacienda systems

        • indigenous laborers forced to work in large plantations

        • centered on land ownership

1.3 Explain changes and continuities in systems of slavery in the period from 1450 to 1750.

• Slavery in Africa continued in its traditional forms

  • Incorporation of slaves into households

  • Export of slaves to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean regions

• The growth of the plantation economy

  • Increased the demand for slaves in the Americas

  • Leading to significant demographic, social, and cultural changes

E. Maritime Empires Maintained and Developed

1.1 Explain how rulers employed economic strategies to consolidate and maintain power throughout the period.

• Mercantilist policies and practices

  • Used by European rulers to expand and control their economies and claim overseas territories

• Joint-stock companies

  • Largely privately owned trading companies

  • influenced by these mercantilist principles, were used by rulers and merchants to finance exploration

  • Used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade

    • created rivalries among European states

  • Ex) VOC (Dutch East India Company)

1.2 Explain the continuities and changes in networks of exchange.

• The Atlantic trading system

  • Movement of goods, wealth, and labor, including slaves

• The new global circulation of goods

  • Facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies and the global flow of silver

    • From the Spanish colonies in the Americas — used to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets and satisfy Chinese demands for silver

• Peasant and artisan labor continued and intensified in many regions as the demand for food and consumer goods increased

1.3 Explain how political, economic, and cultural factors affected society.

• Gender and family restructuring occurred, including demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the slave trade.

• The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of labor and mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples, resulting in various forms of syncretism (e.g. religious, cultural, etc.)

1.4 Explain the similarities and differences in how various belief systems affected society.

• The intensification of interaction between different cultures led to the development syncretic belief systems and practices (e.g. Vodun, Sikhism) and contributed to religious conflicts

F. Internal and External Challenges to State Power

1.1 Explain the effects of the development of state power

• As states expanded centralized their rule they often encountered local resistance (e.g. the Fronde, Metacom’s War, Queen Nzinga, Maratha conflict with the Mughals)

• Slave resistance challenged existing authorities in the Americas (e.g. Maroon societies in Brazil and the Caribbean, North American slave resistance)

G. Changing Social Hierarchies

1.1 Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained or have changed over time.

• Many states adopted practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects or to utilize the economic, political, and military contributions of different ethnic or religious groups.

• In other cases, states suppressed diversity or limited certain groups’ roles in society, politics, or the economy.

  • e.g. Expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal; the acceptance of Jews by the Ottoman Empire and the Dutch Republic. The Dutch also accepted Protestant nobles from Catholic France

• Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites, including in China with the transition to the Qing Dynasty and in the Americas with the rise of the Casta system

  • e.g. Restrictive policies against Han Chinese in Qing China

• The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as the elites confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of their increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders

  • e.g. Russian boyars, European nobility, Ottoman timars

H. Continuity and Change from 1450 to 1750

*Required Course Content: Explain how economic developments from 1450 to 1750 affected social structures over time.

• rise of Europe as a global power

• rise of new elites in societies

• changing demographics

• demand for labor leads to slave trade and mixing of peoples leads to the Casta system

• changes in gender relations

• traditional peasant agriculture continued and increased

• economic developments led to new rivalries and conflicts (mercantilism)

Unit 5: Revolutions c.1750~1900

A. The Enlightenment

1.1 Explain the intellectual influence that the Enlightenment had on the Atlantic Revolutions.

• Enlightenment philosophies

  • applied new ways of understanding and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships

  • Reason was emphasized and the role that religion played in public life was reexamined.

• Philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract.

  • Natural Rights/Law: All people have inherent rights, given by “God, nature, or reason”

  • Social Contract: Agreement between citizens and government

    • citizens give up certain rights in return for peace and security

• The spread of Enlightenment thoughts

  • → Questioning of established traditions

  • → Revolutions and rebellions against existing governments

• Nationalism also became a major force

  • Nationalism: Strong sense of pride in one’s culture, ethnic group, country

1.2 Explain how the Enlightenment affected societies over time.

• Enlightenment ideas and religious ideals

  • influenced reform movements

    • → contributed to the expansion of rights (suffrage, the abolition of slavery, and the end of serfdom)

• Demands for women’s suffrage and an emergent feminism

  • challenged political and gender hierarchies

B. Nationalism and Revolutions from 1750 to 1900

1.1 Explain causes and effects of the various revolutions in the period from 1750 to 1900.

• The 18th century

  • Beginning of an intense period of revolution

  • Rebellion against existing governments

    • → leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world

• Discontent with monarchies and imperialist rule

  • → Development of various ideologies such as democracy and liberalism.

• The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers as reflected in revolutionary documents influenced resistance to existing political authority, often in pursuit of independence and democratic ideals

  • (e.g. American Declaration of Independence, French “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, and Bolivar’s ”Letter from Jamaica“)

• Atlantic Revolutions

  • American Revolution

    • Declaration of Independence in 1776

      • movement to preserve the existing liberties of colonies rather than creating new ones

    • How: Britain vs France war

      • American colonies through taxes and tariffs

        • Taxes created without consideration of citizens → colonial criticism

      • American colonists were upset, so were armed with Enlightenment ideas

    • Taxation without Representation:

      • British spent more money than profit - solution: raise taxes

      • Parliament makes laws in behalf of citizens, but here, they didn’t

        • → Tension between American colonies and British government

          • → America’s desire for autonomy

    • Result:

      • American Declaration of Independence

      • Independence from British rule

      • Representation and self-governance

  • French Revolution

    • 3 Estate system created an unequal society

      • Due to financial crisis from costly wars and extravagant spending, upper class demanded more tax from 3rd estate (commoners)

      • 3rd estate - lack of political representation

        • → Frustration, rebellion

    • Result:

      • feudal system abolished

      • French “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

  • Haitian Revolution

    • Haiti: French colony, and the French bought over thousands of American slaves

      • Slaves worked in plantations with no basic rights, horrible treatment

    • Led by Toussaint Louverture, a former slave

    • France’s economic situation was terrible due to the former French Revolution

      • French government imposed higher taxation on Haitian colonists

    • Result

      • Enlightenment emphasizes individual rights, so slaves were exposed to this idea and questioned the unjust slavery system

        • desire for independence and freedom

      • The world’s only successful slave revolt

      • Establishment of an independent nation

  • Latin American Revolutions

    • Creoles (native-born elites in Spanish colonies) were insulted by Spanish monarchy’s efforts

      • Spain tried to subject them to heavier taxes

    • Simon Bolivar

      • Liberator of South America who wanted to bring together the Spanish colonies in South America

• Unification through Nationalism

  • Unification of Germany

    • Before, Germany unification failed

      • Looked to Prussia (prosperous German State) for leadership

    • Otto von Bismark:

      • New prime minister - vision for unified Germany

      • Goal: Unification of diverse German states under Prussian leadership through war and diplomacy

  • Unification of Italy

    • Italy used to be a separate state, ruled by different people

      • Mazzini: wanted Italian pieces to unite into single country

      • Garibaldi: Military leader

      • Count Camillo Cavour: political strategist who made alliances (France)

C. Industrial Revolution Begins

1.1 Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization.

• proximity to waterways; access to rivers and canals

• the existence of a supply of coal, iron, and timber

• urbanization

• improved agricultural productivity

• legal protection of private property

• access to foreign resources

• accumulation of capital and a capitalist-minded investor class

• The development of the factory system concentrated production in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor

D. Industrialization Spreads

1.1 Explain how different modes and locations of production have developed and changed over time.

• The rapid development of steam-powered industrial production in European countries and the U.S.

  • → Increase in these regions share of global manufacturing

• Asian and Middle Eastern countries continued to produce manufactured goods, but their share of global manufacturing declined

  • (e.g. Shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia; Textile production in India and Egypt; Iron works in India)

• New methods of industrial production spread from northwestern Europe to other parts of Europe, the United States, and Japan

E. Technology of the Industrial Age

1.1 Explain how technology shaped economic production.

• The development of machines (steam engines, internal combustion engine)

  • Advantage of both existing and vast newly discovered resources of energy stored in fossil fuels (coal, oil)

    • The fossil fuels revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies

• Second industrial revolution

  • → new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery during the second half of the 19th century.

  • Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph

    • Made exploration, development, and communication possible in interior regions globally, which led to increased trade and migration

F. Industrialization: Government’s Role

1.1 Explain the causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires.

• A number of states promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization

  • e.g. Russia, Japan, China, Ottoman Empire

• Meiji Restoration

  • Japan became a newly industrialized regional power

  • determined to protect their country from Western Imperialism

    • encouraged industrial transformation and introduced Western style stuffs

  • marked end of Tokugawa Shogunate → Isolated Japan

  • Perry’s arrival → Japan’s exposure to external threats

    • west had advanced tech than Japan

  • need for Japan to modernize and strengthen itself vs external threats

    • Result: shift towards more centralized and industrialized state

G. Economic Developments and Innovations in the Industrial Age

1.1 Explain the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions and how they contributed to change in the period 1750 to 1900.

• Western European countries

  • Abandoned mercantilism and adopted free trade policies

    • In response to the growing acceptance of Adam Smith’s theories of laissez-faire capitalism and free markets

• The global nature of trade and production contributed to the proliferation of large-scale transnational businesses that relied on new practices in banking and finance

  • e.g. Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC), Unilever based in England and the Netherlands and operating in British West Africa and the Belgian Congo; stock markets; limited-liability corporations

• Development of industrial capitalism

  • → Increased standards of living for some

  • → Continued improvement in manufacturing methods

    • Increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods

H. Reactions to the Industrial Economy

1.1 Explain the causes and effects of calls for changes in industrial societies.

• Social and economic changes (from industrialization)

  • → Political, social, educational, and urban reforms

• In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves often in labor unions

  • to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages

• Discontent with established power structures

  • Encouraged the development of various ideologies like socialism and communism

• Expansion of industrializing states

  • Some governments in Asia and Africa (Ottoman Empire and Qing China)

    • Sought to reform and modernize their economies and militaries

    • Reform efforts often resisted by some members of government/established elite groups

I. Society and the Industrial Age

1.1 Explain how industrialization caused change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living.

• New social classes, including the middle class and industrial working class, developed

• Women/Children

  • working-class families

    • held wage-earning jobs → supplement family income

  • middle-class families

    • increasingly limited to roles in the households or focused on child development

• The rapid urbanization that accompanied global capitalism

  • → challenges

    • pollution, poverty, increased crime, public health crises, housing shortages, and insufficient infrastructures to accommodate urban growth

J. Continuity and Change in the Industrial Age

*Required Course Content: Explain the extent to which industrialization brought changes from 1750 to 1900.

Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization c.1750~1900

A. Rationales for Imperialism

1.1 Explain how ideologies contributed to the development of imperialism from 1750 to 1900.

• A range of cultural, religious, and racial ideologies were used to justify imperialism

  • Social Darwinism: belief that white, wealthy, Anglo-Saxon Americans were biologically superior to other groups (Survival of the fittest applies to humans too)

  • Nationalism

  • Concept of the civilizing mission

  • Desire to religiously convert indigenous populations

• Resistance to Imperialism

  • Tokugawa Japan

    • large conversion to Christianity was a threat to unification of Jpaan

    • isolated itself from European commerce

B. State Expansion

1.1 Compare processes by which state power shifted in various parts of the world.

• Some states strengthened their control over existing colonies

  • by assuming direct control over colonies previously held by non-state entities

    • British government takes over India from British East India Company

    • Dutch government takes over control of Indonesia from Dutch East India Company

• European states as well as the United States and Japan acquired territories throughout Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined

• Many European states used both warfare and diplomacy to expand their empires in Africa

  • e.g. British in West Africa; French in West Africa; Belgium in the Congo

• Europeans established settler colonies in some parts of their empires

  • Settler Colony: Type of colony where people from a foreign country establish permanent residence, often displacing indigenous populations.

    • Aim to create a new society based on their own culture and values

      • (e.g. Canada, New Zealand, Australia)

• The U.S., Russia, and Japan expanded their land holdings by conquering and settling neighboring territories

C. Indigenous Responses

1.1 Explain how and why internal and external factors have influenced the process of state building from 1750 to 1900.

• Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anti-colonial movements

• Anti-imperial resistance took various forms, including direct resistance within empires and the creation of new states on the peripheries

  • (e.g. Samory Toure’s military battles in West Africa; 1857 Sepoy Mutiny in India; Tupac Amaru II’s rebellion in Peru)

  • (e.g. Independent states in the Balkans such as Greece and Serbia; Zulu Kingdom)

• Rebellions, some influenced by religious ideas, broke out against imperial rule (e.g. Mahdist wars in Sudan; Ghost Dance in the U.S.; Taiping Rebellion)

D. Global Economic Development

1.1 Explain how various environmental factors contributed to the development of the global economy.

• The need for raw materials for factories and increased food supplies for the growing urban centers led to the growth of export economies around the world that specialized in commercial extraction of natural resources and the production of food and industrial crops. The profits from these raw materials were used to purchase finished goods.

  • (e.g. cotton production in Egypt and India; rubber extraction in the Amazon, Congo, and Malaysia; the palm oil trade in West Africa; the guano industries in Peru and Chile; meat from Argentina and Uruguay, and diamonds from South Africa)

E. Economic Imperialism

1.1 Explain how various factors contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900.

• Industrialized states and businesses within those states practiced economic imperialism primarily in Asia and Latin America

  • (e.g. Britain and France expanding their influence in China through the Opium Wars; the construction of the Port of Buenos Aires with the support of British firms; Suez and Panama Canals)

• Trade in some commodities was organized in a way that gave merchants and companies based in Europe and the U.S. a distinct economic advantage

  • (e.g. Cotton grown in India and Egypt and shipped to Great Britain; palm oil produced in sub-Saharan Africa and exported to European countries)

F. Causes of Migration in an Interconnected World

1.1 Explain how various environmental factors contributed to the development of varied patterns of migration from 1750 to 1900.

• Migration was often influenced by demographic changes in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living

  • (e.g. indentured workers from Japan, China, and India replace slave labor; Italian industrial workers in Argentina)

• Both internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities. This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanization of the 19th century.

• New methods of transportation allowed many migrants to return, periodically or permanently, to their home societies

  • (e.g. Irish to the United states)

1.2 Explain how various factors contributed to the development of varied patterns of migration from 1750 to 1900.

• Many individuals chose freely to relocate, often in search of work

• The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semi-coerced labor migration, including slavery, Chinese and Indian indentured servants, and convict labor

G. Effects of Migration

1.1 Explain how and why new patterns of migration affected society from 1750 to 1900

• Migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home and society that had formerly been done by men

• Migrants often created ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world that helped transplant their culture into new environments

  • (e.g. Chinese in Southeast Asia, North America, and South America; Indians in East Africa, Southern Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia; the Irish in North America, Italians in North and South America; Jews in North America)

• Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants and attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders

  • (e.g. Chinese Exclusion Act; White Australia Policy)

H. Causation in the Imperial Age

*Required Course Content: Explain the relative significance of the effects of imperialism from 1750 to 1900.

Unit 7: Global Conflict c.1900~present

A. Shifting Power After 1900

1.1 Explain how internal and external factors contributed to change in various states.

• Both land-based and maritime empires gave way to new states

• The older, land-based Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires

  • collapsed — combination of internal and external factors

    • These changes in Russia eventually led to communist revolution

• States around the world

  • challenged the existing political and social order

    • e.g. Mexican Revolution (1910-1920)

      • Arose as a result of political crisis

      • Result: Overthrow of the Porfirio Díaz dictatorship and the establishment of a more democratic government in Mexico

        • Porfirio Díaz: Mexican general and politician who served as President of Mexico for several terms, known for his authoritarian rule and the period known as the Porfiriato.

• Russian Revolution

  • Cause: food shortages, ineffective actions, social injustice → Tsar Nicholas II lost all support, so Bolsheviks seized power (Lenin was leader)

    • after Lenin’s death, Stalin took over

  • Bolsheviks followed Marx ideologies; rid of classes

• Chinese Revolution

  • Sino-Japanese War

    • China lost → Japan took Taiwan and opened factories in China

  • Boxer Rebellion

    • To expel foreigners from China

    • Cause: Foreign imperialism and peasant rebellion

  • Sun Yat-sen started a revolutionary movement 1894

    • collapsed China’s imperial government and brought democracy, established the Republic of China

    • Founded Kuomintang (nationalist) which fought with communists for control over China

B. Causes of WWI

1.1 Explain the causes and consequences of WWI

• Causes of WWI (MANIAC)

  • Militarism

    • Glorification of military

    • encouraged young boys to dream being soldiers

  • Alliances

    • Triple Entente: France, Britain, Russia (+ US, Japan, China)

    • Triple Alliance: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy

  • Nationalism

    • Multinational empires (Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian)

      • content with nationalist movements among subject peoples

  • Imperialism

    • Germany, UK, etc. fought to expand and colonize

    • colonies had to join the war too → WWI

      • colonies fought for mother country

  • Assassination of Archduke

    • Prince of Austria Hungary - Archduke - got assassinated by Serbian Nationalist group Black Hand since Serbia wanted independence

  • Conflict in Balkans

C. Conducting WWI

1.1 Explain how governments used a variety of methods to conduct war.

• WWI

  • First total war

  • Governments used a variety of strategies

    • Political propaganda, art, media, and intensified forms of nationalism

    • To mobilize populations (both in home countries and the colonies) for the purpose of waging war

• New military technology

  • → Increased levels of wartime casualties

D. Economy in the Interwar Period

1.1 Explain how different governments responded to economic crisis after 1900.

• WWI + Great Depression

  • → Governments began to take a more active role in economic life

    • (e.g. The New Deal; The fascist corporatist economy)

      The New Deal - programs/reforms in 1930s in USA to combat Great Depression (included financial regulations, creation of jobs, social welfare programs)

• Soviet Union

  • Government controlled the national economy through Five Year Plans

    • Five Year Plan: centralized economic plans of Soviet Union that aimed rapid industrialization and collectivization of agriculture

    • Collectivization: joining several private farms, industries, etc. together so that they are controlled by the community or by the state.

E. Unresolved Tensions After WWI

1.1 Explain the continuities and changes in territorial holdings from 1900 to the present.

• Between WWI and WWII, Western and Japanese imperial states maintained control over colonial holdings

  • gained additional territories through conquest or treaty settlement

  • faced anti-imperial resistance

  • e.g. Transfer of former German colonies to Great Britain and France under the system of League of Nations Mandate; Manchukuo/Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

  • e.g. Indian National Congress resisted British imperialism

F. Causes of WWII

1.1 Explain the causes and consequences of WWII.

• Causes of WWII

  • Unsustainable peace settlement after WWI

  • Global economic crisis engendered by the Great Depression

  • Continued imperialist aspirations

  • Rise to power of fascist and totalitarian regimes that resulted in the aggressive militarism of Nazi

    • Fascism: Focuses on extreme nationalism

      • type of totalitarianism

    • Totalitarianism: State exercises complete control over all aspects of public and private life

      • use censorship, propaganda, violence, aiming total conformity

  • Germany under Adolf Hitler

G. Conducting WWII

1.1 Explain similarities and differences in how governments used a variety of methods to conduct the war.

• WWII

  • total war

  • Governments used political propaganda, art, media, intensified forms of nationalism

    • to mobilize populations for waging war

  • Governments used ideologies like fascism and communism to mobilize their state’s resources for war and to repress basic freedoms & dominate life

  • New military technology and new tactics (atomic bomb, fire-bombing) and the waging of “total war”

    • → Increased levels of wartime casualties

H. Mass Atrocities After 1900

1.1 Explain the various causes and consequences of mass atrocities in the period from 1900 to the present.

• The rise of extremist groups in power led to the attempted destruction of specific populations notably the Nazi killing of the Jews in the Holocaust during WWII, and to other atrocities, acts of genocide, or ethnic violence

  • e.g. Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire during WWI

    • Armenians were Christians in the Muslim Ottoman Empire

      • Ottoman leaders began a genocide to kill Armenians due to ethnic and religious tensions

  • e.g. Killing Fields in Cambodia in the late 1970s; Rwanda in the 1990s; Ukraine in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s

I. Causation in Global Conflict

*Required Course Content: Explain the relative significance of the causes of global conflict in the period from 1900 to the present. (Units 6 and 7)

Unit 8: Cold War and Decolonization c.1900~present

A. Setting the Stage for the Cold War and Decolonization

1.1 Explain the historical context of the Cold War after 1945

• Increasing anti-imperialist sentiment

  • contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states

• Technological and economic gains experienced during WWII by the victorious nations shifted the global balance of power

  • e.g. United States won

• Yalta Conference

  • meeting of Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt

    • to decide Germany’s fate after WWII

    • Concluded to divide Germany

  • Stalin ignores Yalta Agreement and declared communism

• Domino Theory

  • If one nation falls to communism, then other surrounded countries will fall too

B. The Cold War

1.1 Explain the causes and effects of the ideological struggle of the Cold War.

• The global balance of economic and political power shifted → Cold War

  • Democracy of the USA & Authoritarian USSR emerged as superpowers

    • → Ideological conflict and a power struggle between capitalism and communism across the globe

• Groups and individuals opposed and promoted alternatives to the existing economic, political, and social orders

  • Non-Aligned Policy: policy stating that the nation will not support or depend on any powerful country

• Marshall Plan

  • Truman created it to stop further spread of Communism

    • Offered financial aid to help rebuild post-war Europe

    • Communism appealed to poor people, so this plan made sure poor people don’t look at communism

C. Effects of the Cold War

1.1 Compare the ways in which the USA and the USSR sought to maintain influence over the course of the Cold War.

• The Cold War produced new military alliances

  • NATO (US) and the Warsaw Pact (Soviet)

  • → Nuclear proliferation and proxy wars between and within post-colonial states in Latin America, Africa, and Asia

• Proxy Wars:

  • Korean War

    • NK (Communist) invaded SK (not communist)

      • US Forces helped SK to stop spread of communism

      • Chinese troops entered the conflict

    • Communists - NK, China, Soviet

    • Not Communists - SK, US

  • Vietnam War

    • US sent advisors to South Vietnam

      • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution let promote international peace and security, bombed North Vietnam

    • Communists - North Vietnam + Soviet and China

    • Not Communists - South Vietnam + US

    • Resulted in the reunification of Vietnam under communist rule

  • Cuban Missile Crisis

    • Castro (Cuban Leader) declares communism over Cuba, US discontent

    • Bay of Pigs incident: US sent small invasion to start a rebellion but was defeated by Castro’s government → embarrassing for US

    • Cuba right below US

      • Soviets set missiles at Cuba and aimed US

        • Kennedy sees this unacceptable and orders a blockade of Cuba

D. Spread of Communism After 1900

1.1 Explain the causes and consequences of China’s adoption of communism

• Internal tension and Japanese aggression

  • → Chinese communists seized power

    • → Communist revolution

• Communist China

  • Government controlled the national economy through the Great Leap Forward, often implementing repressive policies, with negative repercussions for the population

  • Great Leap Forward

    • Economic and social campaign by the Chinese Communist Party from 1958 to 1962 aimed at rapidly transforming China from an agrarian society into a socialist society through rapid industrialization and collectivization

1.2 Explain the causes and effects of movements to redistribute economic resources.

• Movements to redistribute land and resources developed within states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, sometimes advocating communism or socialism.

  • (e.g. Communist Revolution for Vietnamese independence; White Revolution in Iran; Mengistu Haile Mariam in Ethiopia)

E. Decolonization After 1900

1.1 Compare the processes by which various peoples pursued independence after 1900.

• Nationalist leaders and parties in Asia and Africa sought autonomy within or independence from imperial rule

  • (e.g. INC, Ho Chi Minh, Kwame Nkrumah, Gamel Abdel Nasser)

• After the end of WWII, some colonies negotiated their independence, while others achieved independence through armed struggles.

  • Negotiated – India from Britain, Ghana from Britain, French West Africa

    • Indian National Congress formed, Ghandi helped lead nonviolence resistance, like the Salt March

      • Salt March: Salt was super expensive and British heavily taxed it, and Ghandi chose to protest the salt monopoly and marched to Indian Ocean and collected Salt which was against British rule

  • Armed Struggle – Algeria and Vietnam from France, Indonesia from the Netherlands, Angola and Mozambique from Portugal

• Regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenged colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries. Some of these movements advocated for autonomy

  • e.g. Muslim League in British India; Quebecois separatist movement in Canada; IRA in Northern Ireland (UK)

F. Newly Independent States

1.1 Explain how political changes in the period from c. 1900 to the present led to territorial, demographic, and nationalist developments.

• The redrawing of political boundaries after the withdrawal of former colonial authorities led to the creation of new states.

  • (e.g. Israel, Cambodia, Pakistan)

• The redrawing of political boundaries in some cases led to conflict as well as population displacement and/or resettlements, including those related to the Partition of India and the creation of the state of Israel.

  • Creation of Israel

    • British took over Palestine after WWI, and said Palestine must be a permanent home for the Jews of Europe

      • Zionists (those who supported a Jewish homeland)

    • After allies won WWI, European Jews moved to Palestine

      • controlled by British

    • 1948 Israel proclaimed independece

  • Partition of India

    • British Indian Empire was divided into two independent dominions, India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim), based on religious lines

1.2 Explain the economic changes and continuities resulting from the process of decolonization.

• In newly independent states after WWII, governments often took on a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development

  • (e.g. Nasser’s promotion of economic development in Egypt; Indira Ghandi’s economic policies in India; Julius Nyerere’s modernization in Tanzania)

• The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles (the former colonizing country), usually in the major cities, maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony and the metropole even after the dissolution of empires.

  • (e.g. South Asians to Britain; Algerians to France; Filipinos to the USA; West Africas to France; West Indians to Britain)

G. Global Resistance to Established Power Structures After 1900

1.1 Explain the various reactions to existing power structures in the period after 1900.

• Using violence to resist global power structures

  • Chile under Augusto Pinochet

    • Pinochet used violence to throw the former president who was communist

    • Chile experienced economic growth (capitalist policies) but lots of corruption

    • used authoritarian rules

  • Spain under Francisco Franco

    • Franco was a general of Spain who led nationalist forces (dictator)

    • Nationalists vs Republicans → Nationalist Franco won

    • used political oppression, censorship, absolute rule, and violence

• Using non-violence to resist global power structures

  • India under Mohandas Ghandi

    • Ghandi migrated to South Africa and protested SA’s racial segregation policies

    • Salt March - peaceful protest

    • very anti-industrial → didn’t want imperialism, industrialization, capitalism

  • South Africa under Nelson Mandela

    • South Africa used to be a part of England, eventually gained independence

    • Apartheid: complete separation of blacks and whites

      • Mandela ended apartheid and became president of South Africa

  • Protestant Reformation under Martin Luther

    • Religious movement that challenged the practices of the Roman Catholic Church and resulting in the creation of Protestantism

      • Church corruption

        • Simony: people buying powerful church positions

        • Indulgences: paying money for forgiving sin

      • created the 95 Theses, a list of complaints, and nailed it to a church door

    • Printing press→ Luther’s ideas spread

H. End of the Cold War

1.1 Explain the causes of the end of the Cold War.

• Advances in U.S. military and technological development, the USSR’s costly and ultimately failed invasion of Afghanistan, and public discontent and economic weakness in communist countries led to the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union (USSR).

I. Causation in the Age of the Cold War and Decolonization

*Required Course Content: Explain the extent to which the effects of the Cold War were similar in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

Unit 9: Globalization c.1900~present

A. Advances in Technology and Exchange

1.1 Explain how the development of new technologies changed the world.

• New modes of communication

  • radio communication, cellular communication, and the internet

  • transportation, including air travel and shipping containers

  • → reduced the problem of geographic distance

• Energy technologies

  • Use of petroleum and nuclear power

  • → Raised productivity and increased the production of material goods

• More effective forms of birth control

  • Gave women greater control over fertility

  • Transformed reproductive practices

  • Contributed to declining rates of fertility in much of the world

• The Green Revolution and commercial agriculture

  • Increased productivity and sustained the earth’s growing population

  • Spread chemically and genetically modified forms of agriculture

• Medical innovations, including vaccines and antibiotics

  • Increased the ability of humans to survive and live longer lives

B. Technological Advances and Limitations

1.1 Explain how environmental factors affected human populations over time.

• Diseases, as well as medical and scientific developments, had significant effects on populations around the world

  • (e.g. 1918 Spanish Influenza; Ebola; HIV/AIDS)

• Diseases associated with poverty persisted

  • (e.g. Malaria; Cholera; Tuberculosis)

• Diseases associated increased longevity became more common

  • (e.g. Heart disease; Alzheimer’s disease)

C. Technological Advances: Debates About the Environment

1.1 Explain the causes and effects of environmental changes.

• As human activity contributed to deforestation, desertification, a decline in air quality, and increased consumption of the world’s supply of fresh water

  • Humans competed over these and other resources more intensely than ever before

• The release of greenhouse gasses and pollutants into the atmosphere

  • → Contributed to debates about the nature and causes of climate change

D. Economics in the Global Age

1.1 Explain the continuities and changes in the global economy.

• Many governments encouraged free-market economic policies and promoted economic liberalization in the late 20th century

  • (e.g. USA under Reagan; UK under Thatcher; China under Deng Xiaoping)

• In the late 20th century, revolutions in information and communications technology

  • → Growth of knowledge economies in some regions

  • Industrial production and manufacturing were increasingly situated in Asia and Latin America

    • knowledge economies: economy where knowledge is the main engine of economic growth

      • (e.g. Knowledge economies = USA, Japan, South Korea; Asian and Latin American manufacturing economies = Vietnam, Bangladesh, Mexico)

• Changing economic institutions, multinational corporations, and regional trade agreements reflected the spread of principles and practices associated with free-market economies throughout the world

  • Free market economies: an economic system based on supply and demand with little or no government control

    • (e.g. WTO, NAFTA, IMF, ASEAN, World Bank, etc.)

E. Calls for Reform and Responses

1.1 Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained and challenged over time.

• Rights-based discourses challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion

  • UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights

  • Global feminism movements

    • women's rights movement

  • Negritude movement (pride in African roots fighting against racism)

  • Liberation theology in Latin America

• In much of the world, access to education as well as participation in new political and professional roles became more inclusive in terms of race, class, gender, and religion

  • Women’s suffrage; US Civil Rights Act of 1965; the end of Apartheid

• Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of the environmental and economic consequences of global integration

  • e.g. Greenpeace; World Fair Trade Organization; Professor Wangari Maatha’s Green Belt Movement in Kenya (direct response to environmental degradation; Kenya women planted trees to improve soil and collect rainwater)

F. Globalized Culture

1.1 Explain how and why globalization changed culture over time.

• Political and social changes of the 20th century led to changes in the arts and in the second half of the century, popular and consumer culture became more global

  • (e.g. K-Pop; Reggae; Bollywood & Nollywood; Social media such as Twitter and Facebook; BBC & CNN; global sports such as the World Cup and Olympics)

• Consumer culture became globalized and transcended national borders

  • (e.g. Online commerce = Alibaba, Amazon, eBay; Global brands: Toyota, Coca-Cola)

G. Resistance to Globalization

1.1 Explain the various responses to increasing globalization from 1900 to present.

• Responses to rising cultural and economic globalization took a variety of forms

  • (e.g. Anti-IMF and anti-World Bank activism; locally developed social media such as Weibo in China)

  • Battle of Seattle (1999)

    • Series of anti-globalization protests surrounding the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999

    • victory went beyond blocking the opening meeting of trade ministers from 135 countries and disrupting other WTO function

H. Institutions Developing in a Globalized World

1.1 Explain how and why globalization changed international interactions among states.

• New international organizations, including the United Nations, formed with the stated goal of maintaining world peace and facilitating international cooperation

I. Continuity and Change in a Globalized World

*Required Course Content: Explain the extent to which science and technology brought change in the period from 1900 to the present.