Studied by 12 people
pharmacology
the chemical effect of drugs on the biological activity of the body
drug
used for treatment, prevention, diagnosis, or balance
active ingredients, adjuvants
what needs to be included in the drugs facts on a drug
adjuvants
the inactive ingredients in a drug. they add volume to the drug and assist in its breakdown or formation
types of active ingredients
glycosidic, alkaloids, microorganisms, minerals, from animals
glycosidic
consists of a mono or polysaccharide molecule attached to a non sugar
alkaloids
active ingredient that is more expensive and are used less. they contain Nitrogen, and are complex and difficult to make
semi-synthetic active materials
they come from a natural origin but they contain an additive, chemical change, or additional structure. these changes can make the drug more stable, increase its life-span, and help with its absorption
synthetic active materials
most of the new drugs are in this category. the lab will create multiple molecules, test them, and then use the most effective one
systemic and local
drugs can have two different types of effects on the body system:
systemic
the drug will reach its destination through the blood stream and will have an effect on the entire body.
local
these drugs need to be given to a specific place and will only have an effect on that specific location.
enteral and paraenteral
the two types of systemic drugs
enteral
anything that enters the body by way of the digestive system and then continues to the blood stream.
oral, sublingual, rectal
ways of administering enteral drugs
paraenteral
anything that enters the bloodstream directly, skipping the digestive system.
IV, IM, SC, transdermal, inhalation
ways of administering paraenteral drugs
aspiration
when administering an IM drug, what must be done before completing the injection
inhalation
this method of delivery can be used for a systemic or a local effect.
pharmacodynamics
the effect the drug has on the body
pharmacokinetics
the effect the body has on the drug
liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
the 5 phases of pharmacokinetics
liberation
砖讞专讜专
absorption
住驻讬讙讛
distribution
驻讬讝讜专
metabolism
注讬讘讜讚
excretion
住讬诇讜拽
breakdown and dissolving
the two phases of liberation
so that it can break down and dissolve in the digestive system
why do pills have additives in them that can absorb water
powder
capsules, unlike pills, dont have the ability to absorb water to take with them to the digestive system. Instead they have _____ inside
weak areas
capsules get broken down because they have _____ in which fluid can enter and force the capsule to open and powder to flow out
liquid drugs
these drugs don't have a liberation phase
absorption
absorption of the active ingredient and the time it takes for the drug to travel from the digestive system to the blood stream
simple diffusion, pinocytosis, 讛讜讘诇讛 讬讬讞讜讚讬转
ways absorption of a drug can occur
protein mediated transport, facilitated diffusion, active diffusion
住讜讙讬 讛讜讘诇讛 讬讬讞讜讚讬转
simple diffusion
lipophilic and hydrophobic drugs can cross the membrane passively through this method of diffusion
fatty membrane
drugs have to be lipophilic to cross the digestive system because the digestive system has a _________
protein mediated transport
proteins that are perfect matches for a drug can act as a carrier for the drug through the digestive system
facilitated diffusion
讚讬驻讜讝讬讛 诪住讬讬注转
facilitated diffusion
transports molecules according to their current. there are also canals, 转注诇讜转, that help transport the drugs as well
active transport
transport of a substance across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient. it requires ATP
pinocytosis
a vesicle will separate from the digestive system membrane and swallow the drug
2
ph of the stomach. acids will be absorbed there
6
ph of the intestine. bases will be absorbed there
tissue surface area, blood flow, pH, full or empty stomach
absorption factors
greater
the _____ the tissue surface easier the better the drug will be absorbed
empty
drugs that get absorbed in the intestine should be taken on an ______ stomach so the drug gets there faster
full
drugs absorbed in the stomach should be taken on a _____ stomach, so that they have time to be properly absorbed
weak bases
most drugs are _____ and therefore it is better to take then on an empty stomach. 2 hours before or after eating
statins
help lower cholesterol levels in the body. they must be taken with food in order to help their absorption
Iron
should not be taken with milk, but vitamin c will help with absorption
antibiotics
should not be taken with dairy. and they must be taken at the same time each day so that the absorption rate will be the same every time
NSAIDs
need to be taken with food because the hurt the stomach lining
first pass effect
the amount of the drug that was broken down in the liver, or intestine, before the drug was released to the blood stream
bioavailability
讝诪讬谞讜转 讘讬讜诇讜讙讬转
bioavailability
the ratio of the amount of drug that reaches the blood vs. how much drug was in the dose given
decrease
if the first pass effect increases, then bioavailability will ______
AUC oral
the area under the curve of the absorption curve that shows the total amount of drug given
AUC injected
the area under the absorption curve showing how much of the drug reached the blood stream via injection
bioavailability
(AUC oral/ AUC injected ) x 100
bioequivalence
when a generic drug has the same bioavailability as a brand name drug. this allows it to skip all the clinical trials the original drug had to undergo
Tmax
the time at which the concentration of the drug in the blood is at its highest
Cmax
the amount of drug that has been absorbed into the bloodstream when its concentration is the highest
original drug
a drug that was created by a drug manufacturer that they have a patent on. other companies are not allowed to create this drug
generic drug
a copy of the original drug that has the same active ingredients at the same concentration, bioequivalence, but it has different additives
distribution
the 3rd phase of pharmacokinetics. the drug is transferred from the blood to the tissues by dissolving or attaching to proteins
free drug
only this version of the drug will be absorbed by the tissue and will be considered to have an active effect
lipophilic
molecules that connect to fats and proteins and don't dissolve into the tissue
1%
how much of a lipophilic drug will be dissolved into the tissue as a free drug
hydrophilic drugs
will dissolve into the tissue and be fully absorbed
albumin, alpha 1 acid glycoprotein
the two main protein transporters of drugs
displacement
occurs when two drugs have attraction to the same protein. the one with a higher attraction will connect to the protein, while the second drug will be left in its free form and a higher percentage of it will be absorbed into the blood stream
causes of low albumin levels
讗讬 住驻讬拽转 讻诇讬讜转, 转转 转讝讜谞讛, 讻讜讜讬讜转, 诪讞诇讜转 讻讘讚
dehydration
main cause of high albumin levels
inflammation
main cause of high alpha 1 acid glycoprotein levels
onset, duration, intensity
讚讘专讬诐 讛诪砖驻讬注讬诐 注诇 讚讬驻讜讝讬讛 砖诇 讛转专讜驻讛 诪讛讚诐 讗诇 专拽诪讜转 讛砖讜谞讜转
volume of distribution
amount of drug/concentration of drug 谞驻讞 讛驻讬讝讜专
volume of distribution
the volume of the plasma needed if all of the medication was absorbed into the blood. this tells us how much medication stayed in the blood vs. how much left to somewhere else
less
谞驻讞 驻讬讝讜专 讬讜转专 讙讚讜诇 讗讜诪专 砖诇转专讜驻讛 讛讬讛 _____ 讝讬拽讛 诇讞诇讘讜谉, 讜讛讛驻讱
increase
the more a drug is lipophilic the more the volume of distribution will ______
tight junctions
connections between endothelial cells in the brain that only allows the passage of small lipophilic molecules during diffusion
metabolism
chemical changes that occur to molecules in order to make them more hydrophilic. it mainly occurs in the liver
prodrug
drug is inactive before metabolism and is active after
active drug
drug takes effect directly without need for metabolism
prodrug
5% of all drugs. It is used to fix absorption and distribution issues, and to cause the drug to only work in a specific area, or to allow it to pass through the BBB
Phase 1
phase of metabolism that is a compilation of reactions to turn the drug ore hydrophilic
CYP 450
a group of enzymes that help with the oxidation of drugs
overactivity of CYP
there will be an increase in speed of excretion of the drug from the blood and a decrease in drug activity
underactivity of CYP
there will be a decrease in speed of excretion of the drug from the blood and an increase in drug activity
grapefruit juice
blocks the activity of many different types of CYP enzymes
conjugation
the 2nd phase of metabolism. a chemical connection is made between the metabolite and the water soluble materials in the body
excretion
last phase of pharmacokinetics. it mainly occurs in the kidney
clearance
the ability of organs to remove a drug from the bloodstream
half-life
the time it takes for a drug to decrease to half of its original concentration in the blood. this is a set amount of time for the drug not effected by how much of the drug was taken (unless it was an overdose)
first order kinetics
the more substrate there is in the blood stream the faster the enzyme will work to break it down. Here half-life is fixed
zero order kinetics
when the enzyme clearing the drug from the bloodstream reaches its maximum speed and plateaus. the rate of clearance will decrease causing half-life to increase because the enzyme can no longer excrete it at a constant rate
4-5
after how many half-lives will the medication be completely excreted from the body
diazepam
this drug has an active metabolism and a 200 hour half life. alcohol cannot be taken with this drug and because of how long it's half life is, no alcohol is allowed for a month following taking this drug.
steady state
A plateau when the amount of drug absorbed is equal to the amount being excreted. It is achieved when a drug is given continuously through an IV
every t1/2
when the drug is given intermittently there are spikes in the curve before the meds reach SS levels. It will take 4-5 t1/2 to reach SS if the drug is given _______
Note
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