AP Psychology - Personality and Intelligence

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52 Terms

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Psychodynamic theory of personality

Emphaseizes the influence of unconscious forces and childhood experiences

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Unconscious processes

Mental processes that occur without conscious awareness.

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Ego defense mechanisms

One part of your mind protects other parts from a third part. Coping strategies essentially.

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Denial

When a person cannot face their own problems.

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Displacement

You place your anger on a safe target

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Projection

Whatever insult you use is what you may be struggling with

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Reaction Formation

Expressing the opposite of your true feelings.

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Sublimination

Channeling unacceptable impulses into constructive activities

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Rationalization

Justifying behaviors or feelings with logical reasons, often avoiding the true reasons.

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Regression

Returning to behaviors typical of an earlier stage of development, often in response to stress or anxiety.

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Intellectualization

Focusing on the intellectual aspects of a situation, detaching emotional significance to avoid distress.

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Id

A part of the mind that focuses on primitive instincts and needs.

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Ego

The realistic component of the mind, exercising the needs of the Id in a realistic manner.

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Superego

The moral component of the mind, internalizing societal norms and values.

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Humanistic theory of personality

All people are good and are driven towards self actualization

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Self actualization

Doing difficult things for the right reasons, staying out of the comfort zone. The achievement of one's full potential and personal growth, leading to greater fulfillment and satisfaction.

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Unconditional regard

Total support no matter what

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Spcoa; cognitive theory of personality

A perspective that emphasizes the role of cognitive processes in shaping personality, focusing on how our thoughts influence our behaviors and emotions.

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Reciprocal Determinism

You get back what you put out there.

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Self efficacy

Temporary, the belief in yourself and your abilities.

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Self-esteem

The belief in your self worth

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Self-concept

Your perception of yourself

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Trait theories

Big 5 traits, personality is a spectrum. These theories focus on measurable traits that can predict behavior.

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Type theories

Trying to put people into categories. These theories categorize personality types based on distinct traits or characteristics.

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Monozygotic twins

Another term for identical twins

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Twin studies

Comparint nature vs. nurture.

Identical twins raised apart = same genes but a different environment

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Adoption studies

Compare adopted kids intelligence with adopted and biological parents

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Psychometrics

How do we measure the mind?

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Alfred Binet

French psychologist who developed the first intelligence test.

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Mental age

What you should be able to do at a certain age

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Chronological age

How old you are

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IQ scores

Dividing mental age by chronological age

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WAIS Intelligence test

The most common IQ Test, includes verbal and performance subtests

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WISC Intelligence test

same thing as WAIS but for children

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Two-factor theory of intelligence

General ability and specific abilities

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G factor

Overall intelligence, general

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S factor

Specific tasks like art, music, or sports

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Fluid intelligence

Abililty to react fast, we learn a lot

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Crystallized intelligence

Less able to get new data, but more knowledge, already lived through things before. You can’t teach an old dog new tricks, but that old dog already knows a lot of information and can apply it to do past tricks.

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Flynn Effect

Each generation is slightly smarter due to society growing and discovering new things.

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Cognitive load

The amount of mental effort being used in working memory

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Eugenics

The controversial practice of improving the genetic quality of the human population (straight up evil)

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Validity

The extent to which a test measures to claim what it measures

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Reliability

The consistency of a test results if you take a similar test a bit later.

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Criterion validity

The extent to which a test correlates with other meausres of the same construct

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Testing bias

Tests that favor certain groups

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Stereotype threat

Occurs when members of a group fear their behaviors may contribute to a stereotype.

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Creativity

The ability to produce. (Nearly impossible to define and measure)

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Linear thinking

Following a system of thinking that is known, thinking in a straight line.

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Divergent thinking

A type of thinking that generates many possible solutions to a problem

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Convergent thinking

A type of thinking that narrows down all the possible options

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Functional fixedness

The tendency to see objects as functioning only in their usual way.