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Psychodynamic theory of personality
Emphaseizes the influence of unconscious forces and childhood experiences
Unconscious processes
Mental processes that occur without conscious awareness.
Ego defense mechanisms
One part of your mind protects other parts from a third part. Coping strategies essentially.
Denial
When a person cannot face their own problems.
Displacement
You place your anger on a safe target
Projection
Whatever insult you use is what you may be struggling with
Reaction Formation
Expressing the opposite of your true feelings.
Sublimination
Channeling unacceptable impulses into constructive activities
Rationalization
Justifying behaviors or feelings with logical reasons, often avoiding the true reasons.
Regression
Returning to behaviors typical of an earlier stage of development, often in response to stress or anxiety.
Intellectualization
Focusing on the intellectual aspects of a situation, detaching emotional significance to avoid distress.
Id
A part of the mind that focuses on primitive instincts and needs.
Ego
The realistic component of the mind, exercising the needs of the Id in a realistic manner.
Superego
The moral component of the mind, internalizing societal norms and values.
Humanistic theory of personality
All people are good and are driven towards self actualization
Self actualization
Doing difficult things for the right reasons, staying out of the comfort zone. The achievement of one's full potential and personal growth, leading to greater fulfillment and satisfaction.
Unconditional regard
Total support no matter what
Spcoa; cognitive theory of personality
A perspective that emphasizes the role of cognitive processes in shaping personality, focusing on how our thoughts influence our behaviors and emotions.
Reciprocal Determinism
You get back what you put out there.
Self efficacy
Temporary, the belief in yourself and your abilities.
Self-esteem
The belief in your self worth
Self-concept
Your perception of yourself
Trait theories
Big 5 traits, personality is a spectrum. These theories focus on measurable traits that can predict behavior.
Type theories
Trying to put people into categories. These theories categorize personality types based on distinct traits or characteristics.
Monozygotic twins
Another term for identical twins
Twin studies
Comparint nature vs. nurture.
Identical twins raised apart = same genes but a different environment
Adoption studies
Compare adopted kids intelligence with adopted and biological parents
Psychometrics
How do we measure the mind?
Alfred Binet
French psychologist who developed the first intelligence test.
Mental age
What you should be able to do at a certain age
Chronological age
How old you are
IQ scores
Dividing mental age by chronological age
WAIS Intelligence test
The most common IQ Test, includes verbal and performance subtests
WISC Intelligence test
same thing as WAIS but for children
Two-factor theory of intelligence
General ability and specific abilities
G factor
Overall intelligence, general
S factor
Specific tasks like art, music, or sports
Fluid intelligence
Abililty to react fast, we learn a lot
Crystallized intelligence
Less able to get new data, but more knowledge, already lived through things before. You can’t teach an old dog new tricks, but that old dog already knows a lot of information and can apply it to do past tricks.
Flynn Effect
Each generation is slightly smarter due to society growing and discovering new things.
Cognitive load
The amount of mental effort being used in working memory
Eugenics
The controversial practice of improving the genetic quality of the human population (straight up evil)
Validity
The extent to which a test measures to claim what it measures
Reliability
The consistency of a test results if you take a similar test a bit later.
Criterion validity
The extent to which a test correlates with other meausres of the same construct
Testing bias
Tests that favor certain groups
Stereotype threat
Occurs when members of a group fear their behaviors may contribute to a stereotype.
Creativity
The ability to produce. (Nearly impossible to define and measure)
Linear thinking
Following a system of thinking that is known, thinking in a straight line.
Divergent thinking
A type of thinking that generates many possible solutions to a problem
Convergent thinking
A type of thinking that narrows down all the possible options
Functional fixedness
The tendency to see objects as functioning only in their usual way.