Chem ch8A

Molecular Formula

Represents elements and the number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

Structural Formula

Explicitly shows how all atoms in a molecule are connected.

Semi-Structural Formula

Omitting bonds within a molecule, making it harder to interpret.

Skeletal Formula

A method to represent large or complex organic compounds.

Alkane

Saturated hydrocarbons with only single bonds between carbon atoms.

Alkene

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more C═C double bond(s).

Functional Group

Specific atoms or groups of atoms responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of a compound.

Degree of Unsaturation

Calculated as the number of double bonds plus the number of cyclic structures in a molecule.

Haloalkanes

Molecules where hydrogens in an alkane are substituted for halogen atoms.

Primary Amines

Molecules formed by substituting a hydrogen of an alkane for an amino functional group.

Carbonyl Group

Consists of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom, found in aldehydes and ketones.

Carboxylic Acid

Molecules characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group (–COOH).

Esters

Organic molecules characterized by the ester functional group.

Primary Amides

Organic molecules characterized by the amide functional group.

Addition Reactions

Processes where atoms or functional groups are added across double bonds in organic compounds.

Substitution Reactions

Involve exchanging an atom or group of atoms in a molecule for another atom or group of atoms.

Oxidation Reactions

Convert primary alcohols into carboxylic acids or aldehydes under specific conditions.

Condensation Reactions

Chemical reactions where two molecules combine to form a larger molecule with the release of a small molecule like water.

Esterification Reactions

Carboxylic acid and alcohol undergo a condensation reaction to form an ester and water.

Hydrolysis Reactions

Break down large molecules into smaller ones by adding water, often requiring heat and a catalyst.

Protein

Composed of molecules known as 2-amino acids, the basic building blocks.

Carbohydrates

Disaccharides and polysaccharides can be broken down into α-glucose through enzymatic reactions with water.

Polysaccharides

Hydrolyzed at the terminal saccharide monomers, with glycogen breaking down faster than amylose due to its branched structure and more termini.

Transesterification reactions

Process of linking a triglyceride to produce biofuel.

Green Chemistry

Involves evaluating reaction pathways for optimal production of desired products, considering factors like waste prevention, atom economy, and safer chemicals.

Percentage yield

Calculated as m(actual)/m(expected)*100, indicating the efficiency of a reaction and allowing for adjustments in reaction conditions to improve production.