Psychology- Ch. 8- Cognition, language, and intelligence-Key terms

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cognition

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42 Terms

1

cognition

the mental activity associated with obtaining, converting, and using knowledge

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2

thinking

mental activity associated with coming to a decision, reaching a solution, or forming a belief

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3

concepts

mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics

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4

formal concepts

the mental representations of categories that are created through rigid and logical rules or features

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5

natural concepts

the mental representations of categories resulting from experiences in daily life

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6

prototype

the ideal or most representative example of a natural concept

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7

problem solving

the variety of approaches that can be used to achieve a goal

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8

trial and error

An approach to problem solving that involves finding a solution through a series of attempts and eliminating those that do not work.

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9

Algorithm

an approach to problem solving using a formula or set of rules that, if followed, ensures a solution

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10

heuristics

problem-solving shortcuts that incorporate a rule of thumb, guideline, or strategy

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11

means-ends analysis

Heuristic procedure in which the problem solver compares the current situation with the desired goal to determine the most efficient way to get from one to the other.

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12

insight

An understanding or solution that occurs in a sudden stroke of clarity

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13

functional fixedness

a barrier to problem solving that involves the tendency to think of objects only in terms of their common uses

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14

decision making

the cognitive process of choosing from alternatives that might be used to reach a goal

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15

availability heuristic

a decision-making heuristic in which our estimates of frequency or probability of events are based on how easy it is to find examples

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16

representativeness heuristic

a decision-making heuristic in which people make judgments about samples according to the populations they appear to represent

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17

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

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18

hindsight bias

mistakenly believing that an event could have been predicted once the actual outcome is known (after-the-fact).

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19

language

a system for using symbols to think and communicate

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20

Phonemes

the basic building blocks of spoken language

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21

Morphemes

the fundamental units that bring meaning to language

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22

grammar

the rules associated with word and sentence structure

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23

Semantics

the rules used to bring meaning to words and sentences

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24

pragmatics

the appropriate use of language in different contexts

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25

intelligence

innate ability to solve problems, adapt to the environment, and learn from experiences

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26

general intelligence

a singular underlying aptitude or intellectual ability that drives capabilities in many areas, including verbal, spatial, and reasoning competencies

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27

triarchic theory of intelligence

Robert Sternberg's theory that describes intelligence as having analytic, creative and practical dimensions

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28

aptitude

Capacity for learning; natural ability

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29

achievement

aquired knowledge, or what has been learned

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30

mental age

A score corresponding to the age level of the most-advanced items a child could answer correctly on Alfred Binet's first intelligence test

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31

intelligence quotient (IQ)

A score from an intelligence assessment; originally based on mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.

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32

validity

the degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure

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33

Reliability

the ability of an assesment to provide consistent, reproducible results

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34

standardization

occurs when test developers administer a test to a large sample and then publish the average scores for specified groups

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35

normal curve

Depicts the frequency of values of a variable along a continuum; bell-shaped symmetrical distribution, with the highest point reflecting the average score.

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36

culture-fair tests

intelligence tests that are intended to be culturally unbiased

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37

gifted

highly intelligent; defined as having an IQ score of 130 or above

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38

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

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39

Heriability

the degree to which a characteristic is related to inherited genetic factors

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40

creativity

In problem solving, the ability to construct valuable results in innovative ways; the ability to generate original ideas.

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41

divergent thinking

ability to think "outside the box" to arrive at novel solutions to a problem

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42

convergent thinking

conventional thinking directed toward a single correct solution

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