BIO 224 Exam 3: Ch. 22, 25-26 - The Respiratory/Urinary System, and Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

TMCC, Dr. Doe

Which of the following is part of the upper respiratory system?

Posterior/Internal naris

The epithelium of the pharynx change from _____ epithelium. In the nasopharynx to _____ epithelium in the oropharynx

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar; Stratified squamous

Why are the cartilage of the trachea C-shaped?

To allow for the esophagus to expand

If surfactant is not produced, alveoli ___ due to ____

Collapse; increased surface tension

What path does air take when flowing from the glottis to the alveoli?

Larynx → Bronchi → Terminal Bronci → Respiratory Bronchioles

True/False: The largest laryngeal cartilage is the cricoid cartilage?

False, Thyroid cartilage

The ____ prevents food from entering the trachea

Epiglottic cartilage

True/False: The tracheal cartilages are made of elastic cartilage

False, hyaline cartilage

True/False: Sympathetic stimulation will cause bronchoconstriction

Fasle

The serous membrane that is tightly attached to the surface of the lungs in the ______

Visceral pleura

True/false: The right lung has three lobes

True

The pulmonary arteries carry _____

Deoxygenated blood

The amount of air that normally enters the lung during quiet breathing is the _____

Tidal volume

When intrapulmonary pressure rises above atmospheric pressure ____ occurs

Exhalation

Contraction of which of the following provides most of the volume change for inhalation

Diaphragm

You exhale normally and then as much air as possible. What is remaining in your lungs is the ____

Residual volume

True/False: You are practicing yoga and concentrating on relaxed, quiet breathing. This is known as eupnea

True

True/False: The primary factor influencing resistance to airflow is airway diameter

True

Without surfactant, the alveoli would ____

Collapse

The nucleus in the pons that controls rate of breathing is the _____

Pneumotaxic center

True/False: Boyle’s law states that there is an inverse relationship between the volume of a gas and the pressure of a gas

True

Intrapleural pressure is alway ____

Negative

Internal respiration occurs ____

At the tissues

The partial pressure of oxygen is _____

Higher in the alveolus than in the alveolar capillaries

True/False: The partial pressure of CO2 is higher in the systemic capillaries than in the tissues

False

True/False: Henry’s Law describes the action of a gas at an air/liquid interface

True

In ______ respiration, oxygen is unloaded and carbon dioxide is loaded

Internal

True/False: The majority of atmospheric air is nitrogen

True

Which of the following will cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen

High tissue CO2

Which of the following statements concerning transport of CO2 is/are true?

Some CO2 is transported dissolved in plasma. Some CO2 is transported as carbaminohemoglobin, the majority of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate.

The Bohr effect states that increasing blood pH will cause

Hemoglobin to bind oxygen more tightly True/

True/False: Most oxygen is carried as oxyhemoglobin

True

True/False: The mineral for hemoglobin formation is zinc

False, Iron

Which of the following conditions would likely be seen in diabetes insipidus

Polyuria

True/False: The pigment that makes urine yellow is due to RBC breakdown

True

The normal range of urine output per day be for an average adult is

1 - 2L

A condition in which a person produces 500mL of urine per day is ____

Oliguria

True/False: A person would have anuria if they are producing 50mL of urine/day

True

The detrusor muscle and internal urethral sphincter are controlled by the _____ nervous system

Parasympathetic

The external urethral sphincter is controlled by the _____ nervous system

Somatic

True/False: Women have a higher incidence of UTI because their urethra is shorter and wider than men’s

True

True/False: Urination is also called micturition

True

A blockage of the afferent arteriole would prevent blood flow into the

Glomerulus

True/False: All renal corpuscles are located within the renal cortex

True

The open space where renal blood vessels, nerves, and fat is the ____

Renal sinus

True/False: The renal blood vessels are innervated by the parasympathetic division

False

Functions of the respiratory system

Gas exchange between air and circulating blood. Acid-base balance. Protect respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temperature changes, and pathogens. Produce sound. Detects odors with olfactory receptors in nasal cavity

Describe respiratory mucosa

Lines conducting portion of respiratory system. Consists of an epithelium and lamina propria (areolar tissue). Functions in respiratory defense

Mucociliary escalator

Defense mechanism in the respiratory system. Utilizes a layer of mucus and cilia to trap and removed debris/pathogens

Changes in epithelium in respiratory system

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar (nasal cavity) → Stratified squamous (oropharynx/laryngopharynx) → Pseudostratifed columnar (main bronchi) → Cililated simple cuboidal (bronchioles)

3 regions of the pharynx

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

Describe the functions of the larynx

Responsible for phonation. Diverts food and liquid away from the trachea and into. the esophagus.

Describe the structures of the larynx

Composed of thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottic cartilage, corniculate cartilage, cuneiform cartilage, and arytenoid cartilage

Describe the function of the trachea

“Windpipe.” Muscociliary escalator. Protection during inhalation, mucus gets stuck in cilia, debris get propelled out.

Describe the structure of the trachea

Extends from cricoid cartilage to mediastinum. Branches into right/left main bronchi at the carina. Submucosa contains connective tissue and tracheal glands that produces mucus secretions. C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage that helps stiffen tracheal walls, protect airways, and allows esophagus to expand when swallowing

Branching pattern/structure of the bronchial tree

Trachea separates into right/left main bronchus. Main bronchus divide to form lobar bronchi that supply lobes of lungs. Lobar bronchi divide to form segmental bronchi

Structure of bronchiole

Walls of main, lobar, and segmental bronchi. Contains progressively less cartilage and more smooth muscle.

The biggest effect on airflow into the lungs

Type I alveolar cell function

Site of gas exchange

Type II alveolar cell function

Product surfactant

Alveolar macrophages

Defend against respiratory infections

Surfactant

Coats alveolar surface and reduce surface tension

Respiratory membrane

Blood-air barrier. Consist of alveolar cell layers (type I alveolar cells), capillary endothelial layer, and fused basement membrane between them

Blood pressure in pulmonary circuit

Lower than that in system circuit. Moves blood slowly for good gas exchange.

Structure of the pleura

Consist of parietal pleura (lines inner surfaces of the thoracic wall) and visceral pleura (covers the outer surface of the lungs).

Functions of the pleura

Uses pleural fluid to lubricate spaces between the two layers. Provides cohesion between the two layers

Boyle’s Law

Volume of gas is inversely proportional by its pressure.

Describe the volume and pressure changes that occur in pulmonary ventilation

Volume of the thoracic cavity changes with contraction of respiratory muscles. The volume change is transferred to the lungs by pleural function

Primary muscles associated with respiration

Diaphragm and external intercostals

Accessory muscles associated with respiration

Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor, and serratus anterior

Atmospheric pressure

Pressure around you

Intrapulmonary pressure

Intrapleural pressure

Resistance definition

Bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction

Compliance definition

A measure of expandability. Connective tissue of lungs, level of surfactant production, and mobility of thoracic cage

Ventilation-perfusion coupling

Location/function of dorsal respiratory group

Location/function of ventral respiration group

Location of pontine respiratory centers

Apneustic center

Pneumotaxic center

Respiratory response to Hypercapnia

Increase in arterial PCO2 stimulates chemoreceptors that accelerate breathing cycles at the inspiratory center. This change increases the respiratory rate, encourages CO2 loss at the lungs, and decrease arterial PCO2

Respiratory response to Hypocapnia

Decrease in arterial PCO2 inhibits chemoreceptors. Without stimulation, the rate of respiration decreases, slowing the rate of CO2 loss at the lungs and increasing PCO2

Dalton’s Law

In a mixed gas, the total pressure of the gas is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gases. (Nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, and carbon dioxide)

Henry’s Law

Predicts how gases will behave at a gas liquid interface

Explain why gas exchange is highly efficient

Differences in partial pressure across blood air barrier are substantial. Distances involved in gad exchange are short. O2 and CO2 are lipid soluble. Total surface area is large. Blood flow and airflow are coordinated

External respiration

Blood arriving in pulmonary arteries has low PO2 and high PCO2. Concentration gradient causes O2 to load and enter the blood and CO2 to unload and leave the blood. Rapid exchange allows blood and alveolar air to reach equilibrium

Internal respiration

Oxygenated blood mixes with deoxygenated blood from conducting passageways. Blood arriving at tissues has high PO2 and low PCO2. Tissue have low PO2 and High PCO2. Concentration gradient causes O2 to unload and enter the tissues and CO2 to load and ente the blood

Function of urinary system

Excretion, elimination, and homeostatic regulation

Normal urine volume

1-2L/Day

Polyuria

>2.5L/Day

Oliguria

300-500mL/Day

Anuria

<50mL/Day

Renal blood supply

Kidneys receive 20-25% of total cardiac output. About 1200mL of blood flow through the kidneys each minute. Each kidney receives blood through a renal artery

Structure of a Nephron

Microscopic functional units of kidneys. Each consists of renal corpuscle and renal tubule. Each renal tubule empties into collecting system

Structure of renal corpuscle

Contains a glomerular capsule which is the inner visceral layer composed of podocytes. Space where initial filtrate collects, and the outer layer continuous with PCT. Contains a glomerus that has fenestrated capillaries, afferent and efferent arterioles

Structure of renal filtration membrane

Composed of fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, and foot processes of podocytes.

Function of renal filtration membrane

Diffusion of water and small solutes into the nephron while preventing larger molecules to enter

Juxtamedullary complex

Helps regulate BP and filtrate functions

Juxtamedullary complex: Mascula densa

Epithelial cells in the initial portion of the DCT