APUSH Princeton Review Key Terms Chapter 6

Slave codes

mid-1600s

a body of colonial and state laws that defined enslaved people as property and subjected them to harsh restrictions, including limitations on movement, assembly, and the right to education or to own property

City upon a hill

mid 1600s

a model for others to look up to; in Winthrop’s famous sermon, “A Model of Christian Charity”

Encomiendas

1500s

the crown granted colonists authority over a number of natives for labor such as sugar harvesting and silver mining; in return, colonists had to protect and convert them to Catholicism; a form of slavery in Spanish America

Evangelicalism

1730s—40s

a Christianity based on emotionalism and spirituality, which today is most clearly manifested in the South

Headright system

1618

introduced by the Virginia Company to attract new settlers to the region and to address the labor shortage created by the emergence of tobacco farming

Indentured servitude

1600s

promised 7 years of labor, after which they would receive freedom, for free passage to the New World; received a small piece of property with their freedom to survive and vote; many died before freedom

Joint-stock company

1600s

corporate businesses with shareholders whose mission was to settle and develop lands in North America

Mercantilism

1500s—1700s

economic power was rooted in a favorable trade balance (exporting > importing) and the control of specie (hard currency); colonies were mostly important for economic reasons

Middle Passage

1500s—1808

the gruesome shipping route that brought slaves to the Americas between the colonies, Europe, and Africa; conditions were so brutal that some committed suicide and 1/5 died on board

Praying towns

late 1600s

villages set up in Wampanoag territory for the sole purpose of making converts to Christianity; encouraged Indians to give up their tribal clothing

Proprietary colony

late 1600s

land granted to rich men by English monarchs; eventually converted into royal colonies

Puritanism

1500s

a Protestant movement led by English Calvinists to purify the Anglican church of Roman Catholic practices; persecuted by the English monarchs

Royal colony

late 1600s

ownership belonged to the king, who could then exert greater control over their government, and was usually a former proprietary colony

Salutary neglect

1650—1750

a system where England set up absentee customs officials and colonists were left to self-govern due to distance across the Atlantic, allowing colonies to develop a large degree of autonomy, fueling the revolution

Slavery

1619

introduced to the English colonies for labor

Tariffs

a tax levied by governments on the value, including freight and insurance, of imported products

Bacon’s Rebellion

1676

encroaching on native lands made frontier farmers in VA subject to raids; response was driving the natives out of the region but the government of Jamestown stymied them because the risk would be a full-scale war; farmers rallied behind Nathaniel Bacon to attack the natives; resolved with a treaty

Glorious Revolution in England

1688

England's Catholic King James II was peacefully overthrown and replaced by his Protestant daughter, Mary, and her Dutch husband, William of Orange, establishing a constitutional monarchy; significant effect on the Massachusetts Bay Colony

The Great Awakening

1730s—40s

a wave of religious revivalism in the colonies, exemplified by Congregationalist Jonathan Edwards and Methodist George Whitefield

Huron Confederacy

declined 1634—49

lived near lake Ontario and Quebec; declined due to smallpox and conflict with other tribes; allied with the French for the 7 Years’ War

King Philip’s (Metacom’s) War

1657—1678

Metacomet led attacks on several settlements in retaliation for intrusion with praying towns on Wampanoag territory; made an alliance with other tribes but was devastated; tribes sold into slavery

Pequot War

1610—1677

Pequots in Connecticut Valley resisted English incursions and attacked a settlement; near destruction of the Pequots

Pueblo Revolt

1680

a successful revolt against the Spanish, killing hundreds and driving the settlers out for 12 years

Salem Witch Trials

1692

mass hysteria caused by religious, economic, and gender factors in Boston; ended when the accusers (mostly teen girls) accused prominent citizens off consorting with the Devil, turning leaders against them

Spanish mission system

1500s—1800s

Spanish successfully converting much of Mesoamerica to Catholicism

the starving time

1609—10

the winter where nearly 90% of Jamestown’s 500 residents perished, with some resorting to cannibalism; survivors abandoned colony but ran into a ship containing more supplies and settlers

Stono Uprising

1739

20 slaves met by Stono River outside Charleston, SC, and stole guns and ammunition to kill colonists and liberate other slaves; many were executed but some fled to Florida; result was colonies passing slave laws

Anne Hutchinson

first half of 1600s

a prominent proponent of antinomianism; challenged Puritan beliefs and was banished because she was intelligent and a powerful woman in a patriarchal society

Bartolomé de las Casas

1540s

proposed a peaceful and tolerant approach to the treatment of Native populations

Benjamin Franklin

1700s

a wealthy printer and respected intellectual who was self-made, a typical Enlightenment man; pioneered work in electricity; later ambassador in Europe, negotiating treaty that ended Revolutionary War

Calvinists

early 1600s

settled Massachusetts Bay Colony, and their principles dictated their daily lives

Congregationalists

late 1500s—early 1600s

a form of church governance where each local congregation is independent and self-governing

George Whitefield

1730s—40s

Methodist preacher based on evangelism

Huguenots

1500s—1600s

French Protestants, predominantly Calvinists, who faced severe religious persecution in France

John Rolfe

early 1600s

married to Pocahontas (Powhatan), easing tension; pioneered the practice of tobacco (cash crop), saving Jamestown

John Smith

1607—1609

improved Jamestown with “he who will not work shall not eat” but got injured and left

Jonathan Edwards

1730s—1740s

Congregationalist preacher with severe, predeterministic doctrines of Calvinism and graphic depictions of Hell; “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

Juan de Oñate

early 1600s

explorer who swept through the American Southwest, determined to create Christian converts by any means necessary—including violence

Maroons

early 1500s

people who manages to escape slavery and form cultural enclaves

Metacomet

1662—1676

the Wampanoag sachem (chief) leading Native American resistance against colonial expansion in King Philip's War

Pilgrims

1620s

Separatists who settled in Plymouth and received help from Squanto

Pocahontas

early 1600s

her marriage to John Rolfe briefly eased the tension between natives and English settler after the starving times

Powhatan Confederacy

early 1600s

Indians who stopped supplying Jamestown with food after John Smith left, leading to “the starving time”

Puritans

early 1600s

wanted to reform the Anglican church from within

Roger Williams

first half of 1600s

a minister in the Salem Bay settlement who thought that the church and state should be separate; banished and founded a new colony in RI

Separatists

1620s

Puritans who thought they had to abandon the Church of England because it was so incapable of being reformed; went to the Netherlands but moved to Virginia

Sir Walter Raleigh

late 1500s

sponsored a settlement at Roanoke Island that disappeared (Lost Colony); 1st attempt of English to settle North America

Virginia Company

1606

an English joint-stock company chartered by King James I; established Jamestown

Wampanoags

late 1600s

a group of natives surrounded by white settlements who converted many to Christianity; King Philip’s War

Cahokia

pre-Columbus

the largest and most influential urban settlement of the Mississippian culture, which developed advanced societies across much of what is now the Central and the Southeastern United States

The Chesapeake

early 1600s

the entire area of new settlements that sprang up around Jamestown (today = MD and VA); combined features of the middle colonies and lower South; major cities and grain

Jamestown

1607

the first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in Virginia by the Virginia Company and later a royal charter; only survived because of ships bringing supplies & more colonists

The Lower South

Carolinas; centered on cash crops, such as tobacco and rice; slavery on plantations, but majority of farmers were subsistence and had no slaves

Massachusetts Bay colony

1629

established by Congregationalists (strict Calvinists), leading to the Great Puritan Migration (1629—1642)

Middle colonies

New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey; had more fertile land and focused primarily on farming

The New England Confederation

1643

the most prominent attempt of colonists towards centralized government; didn’t have power but offered advice when disputes arose and was a way for colonies to discuss their mutual problems

Act of Toleration

1649

passed in MD to protect religious freedom of most Christians

Dominion of New England

1686–1689

an English government attempt to clamp down on illegal trade in Massachusetts

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

1635

considered the first written constitution in British North America

Halfway Covenant

1662

the Puritan clergy baptized children whose parents were baptized; although, those who had not experienced God’s grace yet were not allowed to vote

Maryland Toleration Act

1649

meant to protect the religious freedom of most Christians due to a Protestant uprising in England against a Catholic-sympathizing king; not enough to prevent a civil war

Mayflower Compact

1620

an agreement that established a “body politic” and a basic legal system for the Plymouth colony; asserted that the government’s power derives from the consent of the governed and not from God

Navigation Acts

1651—1673

a number of protective tariffs that required the colonists to buy and sell only from England and to import any non-English goods via English ports and pay pay a duty on those imports; prohibited manufacturing goods already produced in England

New England

started 1620s—all founded by 1638

society centered on trade; Boston was the major port city; population farmed for subsistence, not for trade, and mostly subscribed to rigid Puritanism