Chemistry Lecture Notes Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering fundamental concepts in chemistry, including atoms, elements, ions, molecules, and different types of chemical bonds and reactions.

CHEMISTRY

The study of chemicals, including atoms and molecules.

Atoms

The basic units of chemistry; extremely small, fundamental objects of the body, made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Protons

Positively charged particles located in the nucleus of an atom.

Neutrons

Neutrally charged particles located in the nucleus of an atom.

Electrons

Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom.

ELEMENTS

Different types of atoms, distinguished by the number of protons found within the atom and denoted using 1-2 letter symbols.

IONS

Chemicals with an unequal number of protons and electrons; charged chemicals.

Cations

Positively charged chemicals, meaning they have more protons than electrons.

Anions

Negatively charged chemicals, meaning they have more electrons than protons.

MOLECULES

Chemicals made up of two or more atoms chemically bonded together.

CHEMICAL BONDS

Forces or attractions that hold molecules together.

Ionic Bonds

Chemical bonds formed between a cation and an anion due to their attraction, causing them to stick together.

COMPOUND

A molecule made up of two or more different types of elements.

CHEMICAL REACTION

The formation, breakdown, or rearrangement of chemical bonds or molecules.

Reactants

Chemicals to the left of the arrow in a chemical reaction, indicating the starting materials.

Products

Chemicals to the right of the arrow in a chemical reaction, indicating the substances formed.

MIXTURES

Two or more chemicals present and mixed together.

HETEROGENOUS MIXTURE

A mixture where components or chemicals are distributed unequally.

COVALENT BONDS

Chemical bonds formed when neighboring atoms share electrons.

NON POLAR COVALENT BONDS

Covalent bonds where electrons are shared equally between two neighboring atoms.

POLAR COVALENT BONDS

Covalent bonds where there is unequal sharing of electrons on neighboring atoms, meaning electrons spend more time orbiting one atom than the other.

Salts

Molecules containing ionic bonds, which commonly dissolve in water.