IAC 2024-25 Blue Set SCIENCE Questions

resin

This substance contains several preservative and defensive chemicals. Sometimes referred to as “nature’s flypaper,” it is produced by pine trees, among other plants. For ten points, name this substance which often traps insects as it hardens into amber and is used on the bows of string instruments.

cell nucleus

Importins and exportins mediate transport into and out of this structure through the Ran-GTP cycle, and Cajal bodies are found within this structure. Lamins are found within this organelle’s membrane, and post-transcriptional modifications occur within this organelle. A structure (*) within this organelle completely disappears during prophase, and the membrane surrounding this organelle is called its namesake “envelope.” This organelle is not found in mature red blood cells, and the presence of this organelle differentiates prokaryotes and eukaryotes. For 10 points, name this organelle that stores a cell’s DNA.

nucleus

These structures are targeted by the DAPI stain and some proteins associated with them contain alpha-solenoid and beta-propeller folds, known as its namesake pores. Syncytia contain many of these structures. The membrane of this structure is continuous with the rough ER, and this structure contains histone proteins strung together in chromatin. For 10 points, name this cell structure present in eukaryotes in which transcription and DNA synthesis take place.

Nucleus

Three-prime polyadenylation (“paw-lee-uh-DEEN-ul-AY-shun”) occurs in this organelle, and one unit in this organelle contains scaRNAs (“SCAR-en-AZE”), which direct post-transcriptional modifications to another type of RNA found in it. Transport in and out of this site of Cajal bodies is dependent upon a GTPase known as Ran, and importins and exportins move proteins across its membrane. This organelle contains snRNPS (“snurps”) that remove introns from pre-mRNA, and intermediate filaments form this organelle’s namesake lamina. This organelle contains a smaller organelle responsible for creating ribosomes, the nucleolus. For 10 points, name this organelle that also contains chromatin, the control center of the cell.

nucleus

Karyopherins are required for the transportation of macromolecules in and out of this organelle, and Cajal bodies for RNA processing are found in this organelle. Lamina and pores are found on the envelope of this organelle, which is connected to the rough endoplasmic reticulum through its double membrane. Not found in red blood cells, for 10 points, identify this organelle, where DNA transcription takes place and chromatin is found.

nucleus

Irregularly shaped compartments of this organelle which change in response to cellular metabolic activity are called paraspeckles, and promyelocytic leukemia bodies are often found in this organelle. The biogenesis of snRNPs [“snurps”] is thought to be regulated by this organelle’s (*) Cajal bodies, and it can be visualized through Hoechst and DAPI staining. Movement in and out of these organelles is regulated by RAN proteins at its namesake pores, and this organelle is  not found in erythrocytes. This organelle is surrounded by a namesake “envelope” which is continuous with rough ER, and it is the site of transcription. For 10 points, name this organelle only found in eukaryotes which contains the nucleolus as well as the genetic material of the cell.

nucleus

Ribosome subunits pass through pores in this structure’s namesake envelope and are produced in one part of it. In one kind of cloning, this organelle is transferred into an egg that lacks one. The presence of this organelle distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes. This organelle divides in two during mitosis because DNA is found here. For 10 points, name this information processing area of the cell.

cellular nucleus

Cajal bodies are found within these structures, several of which occupy the coenocytic hyphae [coh-en-oh-sih-tick “high”-fay] of fungi. The envelope of this structure is continuous with the rough (*) endoplasmic reticulum, and it contains a subsection where ribosomes are assembled. By definition, this structure is absent in prokaryotes, and during mitosis, the chromosomes inside this structure become visible. For 10 points, name this organelle that stores DNA, the control center of a cell.

nucleus

PML bodies and GEMs are found in this organelle. The “zig-zag” and “solenoid” models describe 30-nm fibers formed when this organelle releases a specific material. That material has facultative and constitutive types. Transport receptors like importins and exportins help proteins move through this organelle, whose membrane is covered by a (*) mesh known as its namesake lamina. A structure within this organelle is responsible for protein synthesis, and is the nucleolus. This organelle is also the site of transcription in eukaryotic cells. For 10 points, name this cellular “control center”.

nucleus

This organelle’s lamina helps support its shape. Some protists have both a macro and micro version of this organelle. One part of this organelle is the location of ribosome synthesis, while importins and exportins assist in transport in and out of this organelle. This organelle, whose envelope is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, has pores in its double membrane. Transcription occurs within this organelle, which disappears during mitosis as its chromatin assemble into chromosomes. For 10 points, name the control center of the cell.

Nucleus

Along with the histamine granules found in mast cells, this structure is one of few that is stained by hematoxylin, making it basophilic. Plasmogamy in fungi may result in multiple of these structures. This structures contains complexes known as Cajal bodies. The sieve tube cells of vascular tissue lack these, and they are notably absent in (*) erythrocytes. A common cloning procedure inserts one of these structures into a specially prepared egg cell. The disappearance of this structure’s namesake “envelope” marks the end of prophase. For 10 points, identify this organelle which houses DNA.

nucleus [or nuclei; do not accept or prompt on “nuclear membrane,” “nuclear envelope,” or “atomic nucleus”] 

These objects’ paraspeckles disappear in response to many metabolic stimuli, and SMN is contained in their Gemini of coiled bodies. Emerin and nesprin are components of lamin, which provides structural integrity to these objects. This organelle is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum, and importins regulate their pores. Surrounded by a double membrane, this organelle is exclusive to eukaryotes. For 10 points, name this organelle that contains most of the cell’s genetic material.

chromosomes (accept sex chromosomes; accept Z, W, X, and/or Y chromosomes)

The Z-W system of these structures is common in birds and snakes. Turner Syndrome may result from the absence of one of these structures, or from the absence of one of their p-arms. An extra one of these structures may cause (*) Klinefelter Syndrome, and a replication of another of these, trisomy-21, causes Down Syndrome. Humans have twenty-three pairs of, for 10 points, what structures that carry genes, such as sex-determining X and Y ones?

chromosome 21 [or Hsa21]

TS65Dn mice share many of the genes found on this structure. The most common form of ALS is caused by a defect of this genetic structure, since it encodes the superoxide dismutase SOD1. Because the amyloid precursor protein is encoded by this structure, over-expression from it nearly always causes Alzheimer's disease. This genetic structure found in all humans is the smallest object observed in a Giemsa stain. It acquires an extra (*) long arm in the most common Robertsonian translocation. A disease of this structure is often accompanied by small white spots on the irises and a flat face. Aneuploidy of this structure, as seen in a karyotype, leads to the most common mental retardation in children. For 10 points, name this chromosome that is trisomic in Down Syndrome.

 chromosomes [accept X chromosome or chromosome 21; accept Y chromosome after mention]

CCG repeats on the FMR1 portion of one of these structures can cause it to become “fragile.” Lyonization of one of these structures can inactivate it and form a Barr body. Having an extra one of these structures might result in Klinefelter’s syndrome or (*) Down syndrome, which is also known as trisomy 21. For 10 points, name these structures that carry genetic information, examples of which include X and Y kinds.

chromosomes [accept karyotype or idiogram before “these bodies” is read]

The laboratory process of G-banding uses Giemsa dye to stain these bodies, and an error in which a large portion of one joins to another is named for Robertson. Largely composed of spherical proteins called histones wound in supercoils, their ends contain repetitive telomeres. These bodies can undergo translocation, and are spread out for viewing in a karyotype. For 10 points, name these dense DNA-containing structures of which human cells have 46, including X and Y.

chromosomes [accept homologous chromosomes; accept sister chromatids; accept kinetochores; accept microtubules before "SMC"; accept centromeres before "condensin"; prompt on chromatin or DNA]

Aurora B helps correct merotelic and syntelic attachments to these things, ensuring their proper biorientation. These things are organized by SMC proteins like condensin and cohesin. The synaptonemal complex acts as a scaffolding between these things, allowing them to form links called "chiasmata." These things are attached to the spindle apparatus by a protein complex called a (*) "kinetochore" that binds to their centromeres. These things line up along an imaginary "plate" during metaphase, helping ensure that each mitotic daughter cell gets an equal number. For 10 points, name these tightly bundled complexes of histones and DNA, of which humans have 23 pairs per cell.

DNA [or deoxyribonucleic (“dee-OX-ee-RYE-bo-nu-CLAY-ic”) acid]

This macromolecule (“MACK-row-MOLL-eh-kyool”) can be artificially copied using the polymerase (“puh-LIM-er-ase”) chain reaction. Okazaki fragments can form on its lagging strand during its replication. Chargaff proposed rules governing the pairing of this macromolecule’s bases, adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. Watson and Crick discovered its double helix shape. For 10 points, name this nucleic acid, the human genetic material.

DNA [or deoxyribonucleic acid; accept RNA or ribonucleic acid before “supercoil” is read; anti-prompt on guanine, deoxyguanosine, thymine, or deoxythymidine by asking “what larger molecule is that found in?”]

This molecule’s tendency to form 6,4 compounds during endospore germination gives those photoproducts the nickname “spore.” This molecule forms planar tetrads stabilized by potassium via Hoogsteen bonding. Cyclobutanes are formed from adjacent double bonds in this molecule by photodimerization in the presence of UV. This molecule naturally exists as a supercoil that must be (*) unwound. Circular dichroism is used to distinguish the Z conformation of this molecule from the B, which is right-handed and has a larger major groove. The 3D structure of this molecule was discovered using X-ray crystallography data collected by Rosalind Franklin. For 10 points, name this biological polymer that encodes genetic information in a double-helix.

human DNA [or deoxyribonucleic acid, but do NOT accept or prompt on “RNA” or “ribonucleic acid”]

One method of determining the structure of this molecule involves randomly fragmenting this molecule, then applying the Sanger method to each fragment; that method, developed by J. Craig Venter, is the shotgun method. Copies of regions of this molecule are produced in (*) polymerase chain reaction, which uses the fact that this molecule replicates semiconservatively. The Human Genome Project determined the order of the thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine in this macromolecule. For 10 points, name this double-helical macromolecule, which encodes a cell’s genetic information.

DNA (accept deoxyribonucleic acid)

Okazaki fragments help replicate this molecule's lagging strand with polymerase after the strand is unzipped by helicase. This molecule consists of (*) nucleotides formed from thymine, adenine, guanine, and cytosine. James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of, for ten points, what biomolecule that codes genetic information within genes?

DNA [or deoxyribonucleic acid]

Hyperchromicity is a peak in the absorbance of this material at 260 nanometers, near its melting temperature. The A form of this molecule, much less common than its B form, appears after it’s dehydrated. Ethidium bromide intercalates this material, and mustard gas alkylates it. It has major and minor (*) grooves. Chargaff’s rules explain the relative abundance of four components of this substance. Pentose sugars in this molecule lack a 2 prime hydroxyl group. Helicases break the hydrogen bonds holding together adenine and thymine in this polymer. It has deoxyribose in its nucleotides. For 10 points, name this double-helical genetic material.

mtDNA [or mitochondrial genome or mitochondrial DNA; prompt on "mitochondria"]

This structure disappears in organisms with mutations in the Twinkle helicase and contains a pair of hypervariable regions within its D-loop. Diseases linked to this structure are suppressed by heteroplasmy. Defects in this structure cause cyclic vomiting syndrome and a disease in which ragged red fibers appear in muscle. In humans, this structure contains a 7S rRNA gene that mice lack. This structure, mutations in which cause Lieber’s (*) Neuropathy and several myopathies, contains several tRNA genes and genes encoding components of the electron transport chain. Mutations of this structure are almost exclusively maternally inherited. For 10 points, name this circular structure found inside the matrix of an organelle that produces ATP.

DNA [or deoxyribonucleic acid; accept Z-DNA; accept B-DNA; do not accept “RNA” or “ribonucleic acid”]

Xeroderma pigmentosum is a disorder in which UV-induced dimers of one component of this substance cannot be repaired. The “Z” form of this substance is more often found when it undergoes negative supercoiling, and also when it undergoes a process which begins at its TATA box. In its more common “B” form, its 22-angstrom major grooves can be accessed by transcription factors. This polymer is composed of a phosphate, a pentose sugar, and a purine or pyrimidine nitrogenous base such as thymine. For 10 points, name this nucleic acid which encodes the genetic information of all eukaryotes.

DNA [or deoxyribonucleic acid]

Fluorescence can be introduced into this compound by tagging it with intercalating agents like acridine orange and ethidium bromide. S-adenosyl methionine donates methyl groups to CpG sites located in this compound. Chargaff’s rules can be used to determine the melting temperature of this compound because one pair of its subunits has (*) three hydrogen bonds while the other purine-pyrimidine pair has only two. Photo 51 is a photo of this compound that was taken using X-ray crystallography by Rosalind Franklin before Francis and Crick modeled this compound in 3D. For 10 points, thymine is contained in what two-stranded nucleic acid whose structure is a double helix?

deoxyribonucleic acid [or DNA]

John Cairns discovered the theta structure of this molecule’s creation in E. coli in 1963, and under acidic conditions, this molecule can form i-motifs. In bacteria, this molecule is polycistronic (“poll-lee-sis-TRON-ic”). One section of this molecule is the oriC (“ori-C”), which in E. coli contains DUEs and consensus sequences. Some examples of this molecule can lead to the formation of (*) sex pili used for its own distribution. In bacteria, all samples of this molecule make up the exome and it is not associated with histones. Okazaki fragments are used in the replication of this molecule. For 10 points, name this genetic molecule often found condensed into chromosomes.

DNA [or deoxyribonucleic acid]

In cancer research, DMBA is often attached to this molecule. Two of this molecule’s components form “spore” and cyclobutane dimers when exposed to UV light. Ethidium bromide intercalates itself into this molecule. This molecule can be repaired by glycosylases and endonucleases. This molecule’s CpG sites can be (*) methylated to partially inactivate it. At the ends of this molecule, a “three prime” end is aligned with a “five prime” end, making its strands antiparallel. One component of this molecule is swapped with uracil during transcription. For 10 points, name this molecule made of the nucleotides thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine, which encodes genes.

DNA [or deoxyribonucleic acid; accept specific types of DNA such dsDNA or ssDNA]

This molecule can be distorted by groove-binding and intercalating agents. One method used to quantify this molecule uses another compound named after pac-man. In the LAMP method, this molecule binds to SYBR [cyber] Green. A process for amplifying this molecule was invented by Kary Mullis and involves thermal cycling. This molecule is cleaved in the (*) Southern blot and is separated in gel electrophoresis. This molecule is analyzed in a technique named after Frederick Sanger. Short tandem repeats in this molecule are targeted by CRISPR/Cas9, allowing for its splicing. For 10 points, name this double-stranded, hereditary molecule used to fingerprint individuals in forensics.

DNA [or deoxyribonucleic acid]

This molecule was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher using cells obtained from the bandages of local hospital patients. Unlike the more common B-form of this molecule, the Z-form is left-handed and its major and minor grooves are not clearly different in width. The alteration of regions of this molecule is performed by the addition of (*) methyl groups. Two carbon atoms are linked in this molecule by a phosphodiester bond. This molecule can be amplified using an enzyme derived from Thermus aquaticus in PCR. For 10 points, name this molecule that contains the genetic information in an organism’s cells.

bones

Secretion of parathyroid hormone decreases the density and strength of these structures, which contain Haversian (ha-VER-zee-en) canals. Vitamin D is often used to treat diseases in which these structures are weak. In addition to aiding in formation and repair of these structures, (*) osteoblasts and osteoclasts balance levels of calcium in these structures. For 10 points, name these structures like the femur and tibia that make up the skeletal system.

bone tissue

The effect of stress on these structures is the subject of Wolff’s law. Damage to these structures may affect their Haversian canals, while their growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate and is termed ossification. The integrity of these structures are maintained by [*]osteoclasts and osteoblasts. The talus, ischium and scapula are examples of this tissue, the longest of which in the human body is known as the femur. For ten points, name these structures that the average adult human has 206 of.

bone [accept osseous tissue before “these organs;” prompt afterwards]

Cortical and cancellous tissues compose these organs, and the fusion of their epiphysis and diaphysis signals the end of growth in humans. Haversian canals perforate the compact form of them, and they contain large amounts of hydroxylapatite. Their tissue is produced by osteoblasts and strengthened by the consumption of calcium. For 10 points, name these marrow-containing supportive organs of the skeletal system, of which the adult body contains 206.

bones

These structures restructure according to Wolff’s law, resulting in different thicknesses due to variations in pressure. Sesamoiditis is an inflammation around one type of these structures, exemplified by the pisiform and the hyoid. Growth of these structures occurs at the epiphyseal (*) plate. Formation of long types of these structures requires a hyaline cartilage precursor which undergoes endochondral ossification. Vitamin D can be used to treat diseases in which the density of these structures is reduced, such as osteoporosis. For 10 points, name these structures like the tibia and femur.

Bone tissue

One substance that promotes the growth of this material is inhibited by the NOG protein and is a namesake “morphogenetic protein.” This substance’s Haversian canals contain spaces called lacunae. This tissue contains a mixture of phosphate ions and magnesium that forms into a mineral called (*) hydroxyapatite. One type of this tissue is less stiff than the other form and is called “spongy.” The cells that compose this tissue are called osteocytes. For 10 points, name this type of tissue which is rich in calcium and composes the skeleton.

bone tissue [prompt on "connective (tissue)"]

This tissue is resorbed by cells that secrete protons at their ruffled borders in response to elevated blood levels of PTH. One object formed from this tissue is described by the word "pisiform" and is classified as "sesamoid". This tissue, which is primarily composed of hydroxyapatite, grows at epiphyseal plates, distal to which is found a spongy variety of this tissue. Canaliculi house the processes of a type of cell in this tissue that resides in lacunae; those cells are osteocytes. Inside "long" structures made from this tissue, hematopoiesis occurs in red marrow. For 10 points, name this rigid tissue which constitutes the skeleton.

bones

These structures contain Volkmann’s canals that allow blood flow from nutrient arteries. The ends of some of these structures are called epiphyses [eh-PIF-uh-seez]. Of the three classes of fish, the one that is not Agnatha or Chondrichthyes [kahn-DRIK-theez] has a name indicating that it has the tissue in these structures. These structures often include medullary [MED-ul-ar-ee] cavities that are lined by the endosteum [en-DAH-stee-um], while the outer surfaces of these structures are lined by the periosteum [peer-ee-AH-stee-um]. One tissue often found inside of these structures is where leukemia is active and where blood cells are created; that tissue is the marrow. For 10 points, name these rigid structures that make up the skeleton.

bone

Wolff’s law states that this tissue will adapt to external stresses placed on the body. This tissue’s Haversian canals contain lacunae, which are spaces between its concentric lamellae. Certain locations of this tissue is covered by hyaline tissue, which consists of a chondroitin sulfate and type II collagen matrix. This tissue is the source of mesenchymal stem cells and B cell production. It is mostly comprised of cells that become osteocytes when they become entrapped by this tissue’s dominant material, calcium phosphate. For 10 points, name this tissue that provides structural integrity to organisms through the skeletal system.

bones

The Piltdown hoax involved some of these objects. Australopithecines and Paranthropines had sagittal crests on some of these objects, while humans do not. These objects can become pneumatized, like they are in birds to assist flight. Prognathism refers to the relationship between 3 of these objects behind the (*) face. Their basic units are osteons, and mineralization makes them more inorganic. Sutures are wavy joints between these objects, and they are made of hydroxyapatite. For 10 points, name these objects, which comprise skeletons.

bones [or bone tissue]

The density of these structures can be measured with a DEXA scan. Overproduction of the RANK ligand, which leads to a disease that causes weakening of these structures, can be treated with bisphosphonates. Wolff’s law states that these structures adapt their densities to pressure through formation or resorption. (*) Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are responsible for maintaining the proper density of these structures. Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets, which dramatically weakens these tissues in children due to their inability to absorb calcium. For 10 points, name this tissue which makes up the majority of the body’s skeletal system.

bone marrow

This tissue is suppressed in a debilitating side effect of azathioprine, and examination of this tissue is required for diagnosis of HLH. One group of cells found in this tissue secrete colony-stimulating factors. Normoblasts are normally found in this tissue, and, like adipose tissue, the stroma of this substance contains mesenchymal stem cells. This substance is harvested from the illiac crest, which is near the hip. (*)Transplants of this substance require total body irradiation and are often used to treat leukemia. This substance comes in yellow and red varieties, the latter of which contains hematopoetic stem cells. For 10 points, name this substance in which blood cells are synthesized, a fatty tissue found within bones.

bone tissue (accept osseous tissue)

This tissue is absent in the class Chondrichthyes [khan-DRIK-thee-eez], and this tissue’s epiphyseal plates contain the Haversiancanals. Hematopoietic [HEE-mat-oh-poh-YET-ik] stems cells form within long structures made of this tissue, which can suffer (*) rickets due to a lack of vitamin D or calcium. This tissue is made by osteoblasts and surrounds marrow. For 10 points, name this tissue that makes up the skeletal system.

bones

These structures primarily consist of mineralized collagen, and the ears contain three of these objects to conduct sound. New blood cells are produced inside these structures. These structures are weakened in (*) osteoporosis, and their interior contains marrow. The femur is the largest of, for 10 points, what hard objects which make up the skeleton?

bone tissue or osseous tissue

Fibrous dysplasia results in abnormal growths in this tissue, and a similar disease causes injured muscles to be replaced by this tissue instead of healing. The cancellous type of this tissue is found in the epiphyseal plates. Volkmann canals in this tissue run perpendicular to concentric lamellae, which surround (*) Haversian canals in the compact type of this tissue. A large portion of this tissue consists of hydroxyl-apatite crystals dispersed in a collagen matrix, which is produced by cells called osteoblasts. For 10 points, name this tissue which is weakened in osteoporosis, and which comprises structures like the sternum and femur.

bone fracture [or broken bone; or breaking a bone; accept any specific bones; accept greenstick fractures or avulsion fractures or compound fractures; accept osteogenesis imperfecta or brittle bone disease; prompt on OI until it is read]

Patients repeatedly suffer this condition and often have blue scleras in a genetic disease caused by a similar mutation to Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Medical shorthand indicates this condition with a pound sign. This condition is the most common cause of compartment syndrome and malunions. Patients with OI (“O-I”) are genetically prone to this condition and take bis·phosphonates to maintain a higher density of (*) hydroxy·apatite. This condition is called an avulsion if tissue shears off a ligament or tendon under stress, whereas its “greenstick” form is most common in children or sufferers of osteoporosis. The skin is punctured in the “compound” form of this condition. For 10 points, what painful condition can be treated by immobilizing skeletal tissue inside a plaster cast?

bones [accept compact bone; accept cortical bone; accept long bones; accept flat bones; do not accept or prompt “bone marrow” at any point] 

Sharpey’s fibers adhere this tissue to its enveloping membrane. Cells located in Howship’s lacunae resorb this tissue using hydrochloric acid. The first step in repair of this tissue is the formation of a hematoma. This tissue’s breakdown is promoted by parathyroid hormone. This tissue grows at epiphyseal plates, and it contains inorganic hydroxyapatite. The medullary cavity of long ones may contain hematopoietic tissue, which also produces platelets. This tissue is weakened by rickets, and its mineral density is often reduced by post-menopausal osteoporosis. For 10 points, name this tissue which usually surrounds marrow, is rich in calcium, and makes up the skeleton.

bone [or osseus tissue; accept spongy bone; accept cancellous bone; accept trabecular bone; prompt on connective tissue]

Formation of this tissue depends on the inactivation of the RANKL-RANK binding interaction. Sharpey's fibers connect this tissue to its outer membrane. The loss of this tissue can be visualized by DEXA scans, and can be treated by a class of drugs called bisphosphonates. Volkmann's canals connect the functional unit of one type of this tissue, which consists of concentric (*) lamellae arranged around a central Haversian canal. The adjectives flat, irregular, short, sesamoid, and long describe the possible shapes of this tissue. This tissue consists of inorganic carbonated hydroxyapatite. It is synthesized by and resorbed by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, respectively. For 10 points, name this hard connective tissue that makes up the skeletal system.

bone tissue [or bone marrow]

The drug denosumab mimics a protein produced in this material that acts as a decoy receptor for RANKL (RANK-kull), and its formation is accompanied by increased expression of alkaline phosphatases. A class of critical TGF-beta growth factors are named for this substance's morphogenesis. Polynucleated cells with ruffled borders, found in depressions called Howship's (*) lacunae (lah-COO-nay), resorb this substance to increase blood calcium. Biomineralization to form this substance requires hydroxyapatite to be deposited in an organic matrix. Calcitonin is administered to treat a condition of this tissue named osteoporosis. For 10 points, name this hard connective tissue created by osteoblasts which makes up the skeleton.

heart attacks (or myocardial infarction; do not accept or prompt on “cardiac arrest”)

GRACE and TIMI scores are used to predict an individual’s risk for this condition, and the Killip classification is applied to patients with this condition. Elevation of the ST segment distinguishes the two main forms of this condition. P2Y12 inhibitors are prescribed in response to this condition, and the presence of (*) Levine’s sign is suggestive of it. Because it’s a blood thinner, aspirin is often prescribed in response to this condition, and its symptoms include shortness of breath and chest pain. This condition can lead to cardiac arrest. For 10 points, name this often fatal condition that occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked.

ANSWER: heart [accept heart attack; prompt on cardiac arrest]

Ten electrodes used to track the activity of this organ create a graph that spikes at the QRS complex. Several tiny pads are attached to the body to measure the function of this organ during a stress test. Electric signals from this organ are recorded by an (*) EKG. Blockage of the coronary arteries in this organ’s two atria causes a myocardial infarction. Chest compressions in CPR can help increase the survival rate of “attacks” in this organ. For 10 points, name this organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

ANSWER: heart

During this organ's development, the foramen ovale (for-AIM-en oh-VAL-ee) may fail to close, which could lead to an increase in the chance of stroke. Chordae tendinae (KOR-ai TEN-din-ai) connect the papillary muscles of this organ to both the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve. The (*) SA and AV nodes generate electrical impulses that regulate this organ, whose muscle is damaged in a myocardial infarction. The absence of P waves in an EKG can be a signal of ventricular tachycardia (TAK-ik-ARD-ee-uh) in this organ. For 10 points, name this four-chambered organ that pumps blood through the body.

ANSWER: heartbeat

 Multiple methods of visualizing this process are combined on Wiggers diagrams, which help to understand how steps of this process are separated by “isovolumic” phases. COnditions affecting this process are diagnosed by looking for abnormalities in a plot of the QRS complex. Purkinje fibers conduct signals for this process, which are momentarily delayed from reaching the apex by the (*) SA node. Systole and diastole phases in this process correspond to contraction and relaxation, respectively. This process occurs rapidly and arthymically for patients suffering from fibrillation. An EKG machine may be used to track, for 10 points, what process whose rate can be measured in bpm by taking one’s pulse?

ANSWER: heart

The action of this organ is portrayed by the Wiggers diagram, and its homeostasis is regulated by the baroreflex and the Frank-Starling Law. It’s not the kidney, but ACE inhibitors can treat acute failure of this organ, which secretes the natriuretic peptides ANP and BNP. Impulses to this organ’s apex are transmitted through bundle branches and Purkinje fibers from the (*) SA node. Blood leaving this organ’s right ventricle is transported through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. The activity of this organ is visualized on an EKG. For 10 points, name this organ that pumps blood to the rest of the body.

ANSWER: heart

Q, R, and S waves are produced by this organ in a complex that measures ventricular depolarization. Purkinje fibers and the SA node help with electrical conduction in this organ. Myocarditis is the inflammation of a layer of this organ. It's not the stomach, but this organ can be the subject of (*) "bypass surgery". An EKG may be used to show the activity of, for 10 points, what organ which pumps blood through the body?

ANSWER: heart

The diastole (di-AA-stoh-lee) and systole (SIS-toh-lee) of this organ produce the QRS complex on EKG readings. Purkinje (purr-KIN-jee) fibers in this organ transfer electrical signals around this organ. The tricuspid and mitral (*) valves in this organ control flow between the upper and lower parts of this organ, which are four chambers called atria and ventricles. Veins carry blood to, for 10 points, what organ of the circulatory system that pumps blood to the rest of the body?

ANSWER: heart

Purkinje (pur-KIN-jee) fibers transmit electrical signals through this organ. This organ contains a biscuspid valve and a tricuspid valve, and it can be regulated by artificial (*) pacemakers. The aorta carries blood out of this organ, which is comprised of two atria and two ventricles. For 10 points, name this primary circulatory organ that pumps blood throughout the human body.

ANSWER: heart

One function of this organ is characterized by P and T waves and peaks at the QRS complex. Wolf-Parkinson-White disease affects this organ, and Marfan syndrome is one congenital defect affecting this organ. This organ contains the Bundle of His, and normal function of this organ is maintained by (*) Purkinje fibers. The function of the SA node in this organ is measured with an EKG, and this organ contains the mitral and tricuspid valves. The vena cava flows into this organ which is made up of atria and ventricles. For 10 points, name this organ that “beats” to pump blood.

ANSWER: heart

Symptoms of Keshan disease include weakness of muscle in this organ, making it abnormally large. Damage to this organ can be specifically detected by rising levels of troponin I and troponin T. This organ's foramen ovale closes immediately after birth, as it is among two fetal shunts that bypass the (*) lungs to bring blood here. In this organ, branches of the bundle of His transfer action potentials to control the rate of contraction. This organ's muscle is damaged when blood flow is blocked in a myocardial infarction. For 10 points, name this organ, whose left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

ANSWER: human heart

It’s not the Aorta, but Tetralogy of Fallot is a combination of four congenital defects in this organ. This structure in fetuses contains the foramen ovale, and trabeculae carneae are muscular projections in this organ. Bachmann’s bundle and Purkinje fibers help this organ become (*) depolarized, and this structure’s bicuspid valve has two cusps while its semilunar valve has three. The venae cavae run through this organ, where arrhythmias occur, and it is divided into atria and ventricles. EKG’s monitor the electrical activity of, for ten points, what cardiovascular organ that pumps blood throughout the body?

ANSWER: heart

Fluid buildup around this organ impairs its function in a namesake tamponade. Sleep apnea is often a symptom of, and a possible cause of disorders of this organ. This organ produces P, T, and U waves. Disorders of this organ often manifest in abnormal QRS complexes. This organ is regulated by the AV and (*) SA nodes. Disorders of this organ are the most common cause of death in people with Marfan’s syndrome and gigantism. Its activity is measured with an EKG. Impaired activity of this organ creates a fluid buildup in its “congestive” failure. This organ suffers a myocardial infarction when the coronary arteries are blocked. For 10 points, name this organ that pumps blood.

ANSWER: human heart

 This organ is affected by Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, one of the pre-excitation syndromes. P-waves and the QRS complex correspond to depolarization of parts of this organ, whose Bundle of His sends signals to Purkinje fibers via gap junctions between cells. Papillary muscles pull chordae tendineae during (*) systole to open tricuspid and mitral valves in this organ. The pulmonary arteries carry blood from this organ to the lungs to be oxygenated. For 10 points, name this muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the human body.

ANSWER: heart

 In this organ, proper contraction of papillary muscles prevents click-murmur syndrome. This organ, whose Purkinje [per-KIN-jee] fibers may be damaged by infarction, contains the Bundle of His. It can be examined through (*) EKG, and its myocardium is fed oxygen by coronary arteries. Ventricles and atria make up its four chambers. For 10 points, name this origin of the aorta, the organ which pumps blood through the body.

ANSWER: cardiac muscle (accept heart muscle tissue until mentioned)

Structures that connect cells into a syncytium in this tissue include the fascia adherens, macula adherens, and gap junctions; those structures are known as intercalated discs. Action potential in this tissue is activated by sodium but then prolonged by (*) calcium influx into an extended plateau phase. Special types of this tissue make up the SA node, and its activity is recorded in an EKG. This tissue is more resistant to fatigue than smooth or skeletal types. For 10 points, name this muscle tissue found in the heart.

ANSWER: human heart

This structure’s normal function is affected by Brugada syndrome, and its performance is measured by the stroke volume. It’s not a digestive organ, but regurgitation can occur when this organ is defective. Bundle branches and Purkinje fibers relay signals that the (*) SA and AV nodes produce to regulate the activity of this organ, which contains two semilunar valves and is surrounded by the pericardium. Coronary arteries supply oxygen to this organ, which is connected to the vena cava and the aorta and contains sections like the left atrium and right ventricle. For 10 points, name this four-chambered organ that circulates blood through the body.

ANSWER: heart

The bundle of His connects to this organ’s Purkinje fibers, which cause contractions called systoles. Robert Jarvik developed the first artificial version of it. This organ, composed of muscle called (*) myocardium, contains a tricuspid valve that maintains one-way flow to its right ventricle. Pacemakers may be implanted in this organ to ensure its regular beating. The aorta is a large artery emanating from, for 10 points, what organ that pumps blood?

ANSWER: heart

Rheumatic fever can damage the mitral region of this organ, which uses Purkinje fibers to coordinate activity with the SA node. A murmur results from valves leaking in this organ that is served by the (*) coronary arteries and surrounded by the pericardium. This organ directly connects to the aorta and has two atria and two ventricles. For 10 points, name this organ of the circulatory system that pumps blood through the body.

ANSWER: heart

The output of this structure is directly related to “VO-2 max” and may be used to help identify the root cause of ischemia in a patient. Shunts in this structure, such as the foramen ovale, may lead to pathological flow of matter through it. The QRS complex is produced by the action of the SA node within this organ. That node generates a pacemaker potential, which can be measured with an EKG, using which abnormalities like tachycardia may be detected. Blood flows through the tricuspid valve in this organ before entering the pulmonary circuit via the right ventricle. For 10 points, name this organ that is connected to the aorta and pumps blood.

ANSWER: heart

This organ is affected by Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In crocodilians, the foramen of Panizza joins two of its parts, and in infants, it features a foramen ovale that later closes. Its papillary muscles tighten the chordae tendineae, and two of its structures are sometimes called auricles. The QRS complex results from the action of this organ’s bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, and SA node. It is located in a two-walled sac called the pericardium and its electrical potential can be measured with an EKG. In humans, it consists of two atria and two ventricles. For 10 points, name this muscular organ that pumps blood.

ANSWER: heart

 One device measuring this structure’s function uses twelve “leads” to output QRS complexes on 1-millimeter graph paper. This structure’s tissue contains intercalated discs, and majority-collagen structures called chordae tendineae connect its tricuspid valve and papillary muscles. The Bundle of His and sinoatrial node send electrical signals to its Purkinje fibers. This organ has a mitral valve, and its dividers, or septa, separate the atria and ventricles, resulting in four chambers. For 10 points, name this organ below the aorta, which contracts in order to pump blood.

ANSWER: Heart

Part of this organ is provided blood by the circumflex artery, and developmental structures located within it include the crista terminalis and fossa ovalis. The papillary muscles in this organ can tighten the chordae tendineae. Purkinje fibers, the bundle of His, the AV node, and the SA node comprise its conduction pathway, and it is divided into upper and lower compartments called atria and ventricles. For 10 points, name this muscular organ which pumps blood throughout the body.

ANSWER: heart

The ANP hormone produced in this organ inhibits the production of sodium, while the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is a malfunction of this organ. Impulses from the Bundle of His are carried by Purkinje fibers in this organ, and the aorta originates here. The mitral valve separates the left atrium and ventricle of, for 10 points, which organ made of cardiac muscle that pumps blood through the body?

ANSWER: red blood cells (or erythrocytes )

An overproduction of these cells is associated with a type of cancer known as polycythemia vera [PAH-lee-“sigh”-THEE-mee-ah VAIR-ah]. These cells are called reticulocytes just before and after they leave the bone marrow, where they are produced. The liver and (*) spleen help to eliminate these cells when they are old or damaged. Mutations that affect these cells tend to provide some protection against malaria. One of these mutations causes sickle-cell anemia. For ten points, what type of cells transfer oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body?

ANSWER: red blood cells [accept erythrocyte; accept RBCs; prompt on blood cells alone]

The production of these cells is affected by parvovirus B19. The membranes of these cells can take on a spiny appearance in acanthocytosis (“uh-can-tho-sigh-toh-sis”). These cells may contain malaria-resistant Duffy antigens and clumps of DNA called Howell-Jolly bodies, which are normally filtered out by the (*) spleen. Erythropoietin (“eh-ri-throw-poe-ee-tin”) is secreted by the kidneys to stimulate the production of these cells in the bone marrow. These cells, which lack nuclei, may differ from their biconcave shape in sickle cell anemia. For 10 points, name these cells that contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen through the body.

ANSWER: blood type [or blood group]

 The consequences of humans receiving substances differing in this trait include agglutination or a deadly “incompatibility reaction.” A portion of this trait is determined by the presence of Rhesus factor, or Rh. About seven percent of humans carry a form of this trait that makes them (*) “universal donors.” When performing a transfusion, this trait must usually match for the donor and recipient. For 10 points, name this trait for humans that can be A, B, O, or AB, depending on the chemicals on red blood cells.

ANSWER: blood [accept plasma, fresh frozen plasma, platelets, red blood cells, RBCs, packed RBCs, pRBCs]

CPDA-1 is used to preserve this substance. Charles R. Drew developed several methods for storing this substance, which is stored with citrate to chelate (KEE-layt) calcium. This substance can be separated to obtain cryoprecipitate, and FFP is obtained from this substance by apheresis (AA-fuh-REE-sis). Ryan White contracted (*) HIV from a contaminated sample of this substance. In the US, the plurality of this substance is provided by the American Red Cross via donations. For 10 points, name this substance that has to be typed and cross-matched before transfusion.

ANSWER: red blood cells [or erythrocytes]

Parvovirus B19 leads to the temporary absence of the production of these cells. These cells can stack as a result of abnormal quantities of certain proteins including immunoglobulin and fibrinogen, forming rouleaux. Pronormoblasts are the earliest stage in the production of these cells, which mature in (*) bone marrow. An oxygen-carrying protein on these cells contains two alpha and two beta subunits; that protein is hemoglobin. For 10 points, name these cells that carry oxygen through the circulatory system.

ANSWER: blood [accept blood pressure; or blood coagulation or clotting; or blood types]

This substance contains Christmas factor and von Willebrand factor to support adhesion between cell fragments. A “pernicious” disorder affecting this substance is caused by an inability to absorb vitamin B12. The vaccine RhoGAM [ROH-gam] was developed for a chemical in this substance that was first isolated from rhesus monkeys. A (*) sphygmomanometer [SFIG-moh-muh-NOM-it-ur] measures a quantity in this substance that has systolic [siss-TALL-ick] and diastolic forms. In this substance, thrombin signals the aggregation of platelets [PLATE-lets] during coagulation. For 10 points, name this fluid that carries oxygen throughout the body.

ANSWER: red blood cells [accept RBC]

These cells typically adopt biconcave disk shape in order to increase their surface area. These cells are the only cells in humans to lack nuclei. Glutamate to valine substitution causes these cells to take on a half-moon appearance in (*) sickle cell disease. These cells are destroyed after 120 days by the spleen. For 10 points, name these cells which transport oxygen from the lungs throughout the circulatory system.

ANSWER: blood

A quantity associated with this substance has “systolic” and “diastolic” types. A carbonic acid buffer keeps this substance's pH between 7.35 and 7.45. A “universal donor” is a person that has the O- (O negative) (*) type of this substance. In hypertension, this substance’s “pressure” is too high. Platelets in this substance allow it to clot following injuries. For 10 points, name this substance that flows through arteries and veins.

ANSWER: blood

This substance is stopped when thrombin converts fibrinogen molecules into fibrin. Sickle cell anemia occurs due to a mutation in hemoglobin, which is carried by this substance through venules and capillaries. Platelets help this substance (*) "clot," and it is pumped out of the aorta and through arteries and veins as it carries oxygen through the body. For 10 points, name this red fluid found in humans.

ANSWER: red blood cells (accept erythrocytes)

The Haldane effect describes the increased removal of carbon dioxide from these cells.They’re not endothelial cells, but these cells are able to synthesize nitric oxide by using L-arginine as a substrate. Polycythemias are caused by an excess amount of these cells, and a deformation of these cells is present in (*) sickle cell anemia.These cells are formed from hemocytoblasts within the bone marrow. These cells lack a nucleus, and the cytoplasm of these cells contains a large amount of hemoglobin. For 10 points, name these cells that transport oxygen through the bloodstream.

ANSWER: blood

Procedures on a buffy coat can help detect motile organisms in this substance. Observing a whip-like structure in one test of a substance can reveal the possibility of a parasite responsible for African sleeping sickness. The loss of this substance is prevented by a process involving von Willebrand factor and vitamin K. That disease involves the invasion of a barrier named for this substance and the (*) brain that prevents solutes from crossing into extracellular fluid of the nervous system. This fluid’s “types” are classified into A, B, and O groups. For ten points, name this fluid responsible for the circulation of nutrients and oxygen throughout the human body.

ANSWER: red blood cells (or erythrocytes)

These cells are normally not affected by viral infections, but their production is affected by parvovirus B19. Normoblasts are precursors to these cells, while megaloblasts are forms of these cells that grow without dividing. A protein found in these cells contains four groups of an (*) iron held in a porphyrin ring. These cells are produced in red bone marrow and lack a nucleus, and the shape of these cells becomes contorted and breaks down more easily in sickle-cell anemia. Hemoglobin is carried by, for 10 points, what circulatory cells that deliver oxygen throughout the body?

ANSWER: red blood cells [accept erythrocytes, red cells, or RBCs; prompt on blood cells]

Spectrin was first discovered in these cells, where hexagonal complexes of it attach to ankyrin. The production of large, short-lived types of these cells caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12 and folic acid is called macrocytosis. These cells contain a large amount of carbonic anhydrase in order to convert (*) carbon dioxide into bicarbonate. Another protein in these cells contains four heme groups bound to iron atoms; a mutation of the beta subunit of that protein causes these cells to take on a sickle shape. For 10 points, name these hemoglobin-containing biconcave cells that transport oxygen in the blood.

ANSWER: red blood cells [or RBCs; or erythrocytes]

Rouleaux [roo-LOW] are stacks of these cells formed during centrifugation. A deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase causes these cells to break down. These cells, which mature from reticulocytes, have a lifetime of approximately 120 days before being broken down in the (*) spleen. A glutamine to valine mutation in a protein in these cells comprised of two alpha chains and two beta chains causes these cells to take on a sickle-like shape. Typically, these cells have a biconcave shape and lack a nucleus. Hemoglobin is found in--for 10 points--what oxygen carrying cells of the circulatory system?

ANSWER: blood types [or blood groups]

Scientists at the University of British Columbia discovered a N-acetylgalactosamine deacetylase enzyme that could convert people between different forms of this trait. Incompatibility between different forms of this trait can cause agglutination. This trait is partially determined by whether the (*) Rh D antigen is expressed or not. A test of cross-matching this trait must be performed before a transfusion can take place. People who are O negative for this trait are “universal donors.” For 10 points, identify this trait, determined by whether a person’s erythrocytes express A or B glycoproteins.

ANSWER: red blood cells [or RBC; or erythrocytes]

These cells take on a teardrop-shaped appearance in myelofibrosis (“MY-eh-low-fie-BRO-sis”). Antibodies that bind to these cells are detected using the Coombs test. One disease in which these cells are malformed causes painful chest crises. These cells develop from reticulocytes (“reh-TIC-yoo-low-sites”) and are broken down in the spleen after about 120 days. During development, they expel their (*) nuclei and form a biconcave shape. A glutamic acid to valine (“VAY-leen”) mutation in a protein found in these cells causes sickle-cell anemia. For 10 points, name these cells loaded with hemoglobin that carry oxygen.

ANSWER: red blood cells [or erythrocytes, accept RBCs or red cells; prompt on blood cells]

These cells’ membranes develop unusual spiny projections in echinocytosis and acanthocytosis. During inflammation, these cells aggregate together and form stacks known as rouleaux [“roo-LOH”]. The presence of DNA deposits in these cells known as Howell-Jolly bodies indicates a malfunctioning organ. A protein abundant in these cells undergoes the (*) Bohr shift under increasingly acidic conditions. The beta-chain of that protein may also undergo a mutation in which a glutamic acid residue is replaced by valine, causing these cells to take on an abnormal sickle shape. For 10 points, name these biconcave, hemoglobin-containing cells which transport oxygen throughout the body.

ANSWER: red blood cells (accept erythrocytes; prompt on blood cell)

First observed by Jan Swammerdam, these entities are attacked in individuals with Evans Syndrome. Howell-Jolly bodies are DNA clusters found in these cells which develop from reticulocytes. These bodies can be stacked in the rouleaux formation and are detected by the Coombs test. The rhesus factor is an antigen occuring on the membrane of these cells, and one disease that affects an iron-binding protein in them causes them take on a “sickle” shape. These are destroyed in the spleen and only live about 120 days because they lack a nucleus. For ten points, name these cells that contain hemoglobin and transports oxygen via the circulatory system.

ANSWER: red blood cells [or RBC]

These entities take on a spiny appearance in the disease acanthocytosis. These cells lack a nucleus, and are also called erythrocytes. Approximately one quarter of the cells in an adult human are these cells. They possess a (*) biconcave shape to maximize their surface area to volume ratio, and they get their color from the iron binding protein hemoglobin. For 10 points, name these cells that constitute part of a namesake body fluid.

ANSWER: blood type (accept blood group)

The rare Bombay phenotype for this trait is produced by H antigen deficiency. Mother-child incompatibility for this trait can result in erythroblastosis [air-ith-row-blast-osis]. Cross-matching for this trait helps prevent transfusion reactions. When the Rh factor is considered, there exist (*) eight of these designations. For 10 points, name this hematological trait whose “universal donor” example is O-negative and that can also be classified as A, B, or AB.

ANSWER: Blood groups [accept blood types]

When categories in this classification system are mixed, agglutination can occur because of incompatible surface antigens and antibodies. Categories in this classification system are further defined by the presence or lack of Rh antigens, designated by a (*) plus or minus. According to this classification system invented by Karl Landsteiner, an Rh negative mother who carries an Rh positive child will develop anti-Rh antibodies and can thereafter only receive transfusions that have no Rh antigens. For 10 points, name this classification system that categorizes a person as A, B, AB, or O type.

ANSWER: red blood cells [accept erythrocytes and RBCs; prompt on “blood cells”]

Parvovirus B19 infects precursors to these cells, and schistocytes are fragmented parts of these cells. The excess of these cells is called polycythemia, and deposits of DNA in them are known as Howell-Jolly bodies. Reticulocytes are the precursors to these cells, and their breakdown in the (*) spleen creates biliverdin and bilirubin. The E6V mutation of glutamic acid to valine causes defects in these cells. These biconcave disk-shaped cells lack nuclei and are deformed in sickle-cell anemia. For 10 points, name these hemoglobin-containing cells that carry oxygen throughout the body.

ANSWER: red blood cells or erythrocytes (accept either)

Thalassemia is a genetic disease that results in a dearth of these cells, but their overproduction can lead to polycythemia [POLY-CY-THEME-E-UH]. Duffy antigens are malarial parasite receptors located on the surface of these subjects of the direct Coombs test. The production of these cells is stimulated by the hormone (*) EPO, while a mutation of glutamic acid to valine may cause these nuclei-lacking cells to lose their biconcave shape in sickle-cell anemia. For 10 points, name these hemoglobin-containing cells that transport oxygen throughout the body.

ANSWER: Red blood cells [or RBCs; or erythrocytes]

Rouleaux (“roo-LOW”) are stacks of these entities formed when their normal surface charge is neutralized by excess proteins such as fibrinogen (“fi-BRIN-oh-jen”), causing these entities to fail to repel each other. These entities’ high surface expression of CD47 protects them from phagocytosis (“fay-go-si-TOH-sis”) in the (*) liver and spleen. These entities’ shape allows them to accommodate space for hemoglobin; and these are the only mammalian cells that lack nuclei. For 10 points, name these cells that carry oxygen through the cardiovascular system.

ANSWER: red blood cells (or RBC s; or erythrocytes )

Vitamin B12 deficiency causes these cells to become megaloblasts, which are unusually large immature versions of them. Pulse oximeters measure the absorbance of an important protein in these cells, which can bind extremely tightly to carbon monoxide. (*) Erythropoietin controls the production of these cells in the bone marrow. These cells, which lack nuclei, are shaped incorrectly in sickle-cell anemia. For 10 points, name these cells that contain hemoglobin, which make up almost half of the cells in blood.

ANSWER: red blood cells [or erythrocytes; prompt on blood cell]

In mammals, these cells don’t have any organelles, including mitochondria, and so instead rely on lactic acid fermentation for energy. While developing in the bone marrow, they are called reticulocytes. These biconcave cells have A and B antigens on their surface, and many are stored in the spleen. They contain hemoglobin and become misshapen in people with sickle cell anemia. For 10 points, name these cells that carry oxygen throughout the body.

ANSWER: red blood cells [or erythrocytes; prompt on just "blood cells"]

These cells can fail to mature as a result of atrophic gastritis. These cells proliferate in polycythemia, and they are created from reticulocytes. Formation of these cells is inhibited by low amounts of vitamins B9 and B12. These cells are affected by the E-6-V mutation of glutamic acid to valine. Breakdown of them creates (*) biliverdin and bilirubin.These cells catalyze the production of a carbonic-acid buffer. These cells unusually lack nuclei. They are produced via erythropoiesis in the bone marrow and are afflicted in sickle-cell anemia. For 10 points, name these hemoglobin-containing cells that transport oxygen through the circulatory system.

ANSWER: red blood cells [accept “erythrocytes”]

During inflammation, these cells form stacks called rouleaux. Nuclear remnants called Howell-Jolly bodies in these cells can indicate that the organ that destroys them is failing. High levels of these cells cause polycythemia, and young examples of them are called (*) reticulocytes. The Coombs test is used to determine whether their count is low, and a valine to glutamic acid point mutation in these cells causes a notable condition. These cells don’t have a nucleus and are affected in sickle-cell anemia. For 10 points, name these cells that contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen.

ANSWER: red blood cells or erythrocytes

The direct Coombs test looks for the presence of antibodies on these cells, and one disease associated with these cells comes in aplastic and pernicious forms. One protein in these cells undergoes the Bohr shift in response to carbon dioxide concentrations, and these cells develop from (*) normoblasts. In one disease, these cells assume an abnormal shape due to valine replacing glutamic acid in a certain protein. These cells can have Rh factors and A and B antibodies on their surface, and low counts of them are called anemias. For 10 points, name these biconcave cells which lack nuclei, contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen throughout the body.

ANSWER: red blood cells [or erythrocytes]

Thalassemia patients have a reduced quantity of these cells, which can be measured using the mean corpuscular volume. The schizont phase of malaria is found within these cells. At the end of their lifespan, which is about 120 days, these cells are relocated to the spleen and destroyed. The body condition when a low number of these cells are present is anemia. These cells, which do not have nuclei, gain their color from an iron-containing protein known as hemoglobin. For 10 points, name these cells in the bloodstream, which carry oxygen throughout the body.