Studied by 24 peopleSamuel Slater
Businessperson/Inventor; created water powered mill
Robert Fulton
Businessperson/Inventor; tested the steamboat by going up the Hudson River
Nicholas Roosevelt
Businessperson/Inventor; invested in the steamboat.
Elias Howe
Businessperson/Inventor; created the sewing machine
Charles Goodyear
Businessperson/Inventor; vulcanized rubber which made ponchos then tires
John Deere
Businessperson/Inventor; created the steel plow in 1837
Eli Whitney
Businessperson/Inventor; created the cotton gin and helped Simeon North develop interchangeable parts
Simeon North
Businessperson/Inventor; helped Eli Whitney develop interchangeable parts
Thomas Crapper
Businessperson/Inventor; plumber who created the ballcock which prevents the toilet from overflowing
Crawford Long
Businessperson/Inventor; discovered anesthesia
WTG Morton
Businessperson/Inventor; dentist who first used anesthesia for an operation
Sylvester Graham
Businessperson/Inventor; created the graham cracker
Henry Steinway
Businessperson/Inventor; created pianos; German name was Heinrich Steinwig
Levi Strauss
Businessperson/Inventor; made pants for gold miners; now called Levi's
Samuel Morse
Businessperson/Inventor; created the telegraph and Morse code
Francis Scott Key
Songwriter; wrote Star Spangled Banner
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Writer; wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin - included everything bad that happened to slaves
Thomas Jefferson
Politician/Judge
John Marshall
Politician/Judge
Salmon P. Chase
Politician/Judge
Robert Livingston
Politician/Judge
Aaron Burr
Politician/Judge
James Madison
Politician/Judge
James Tallmadge
Politician/Judge; Senator of New York
William Henry Harrison
Politician/Judge
Andrew Jackson
Politician/Judge
James Monroe
Politician/Judge; served 2 terms of presidency basically unopposed
John C. Calhoun
Politician/Judge; chosen as Secretary of War (not good idea); from South Carolina; goes back to SC and became Senator
Henry Clay
Politician/Judge
John Quincy Adams
Politician/Judge; secretary of state during Monroe's presidency
Martin Van Buren
Politician/Judge; political ranking and part of the kitchen cabinet
Roger B. Taney
Politician/Judge; Chief Justice of the Court -> used as leverage by Jackson so the money can be placed in state banks; worse Chief Justice and incompetent
Zebulon Pike
Explorer
Oliver Perry
Soldier
Pawtucket, RI
Slater created a water powered mill here
National Road
Goes from Baltimore, through Philadelphia, to Vandalia (Illinois)
Steamboat
Much easier for farmers to get supplies and sell goods
White Americans West
1800 - 7% of White Americans West of Appalachians 1820 - 25% West of the Appalachians and Mississippi
The Great American Desert
The area north of Missouri like the Dakotas, Iowa, Michigan, etc; said it wasn't good land to cultivate
Era of Good Feeling
Everything looks good on the outside
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
Spain gives us Florida. Monroe was asking Spain to buy Florida while Andrew Jackson was invading Florida
Panic of 1819
Basically can be considered a Depression; includes land speculation and tighten credit
Land Speculation
business owners/speculators buy the land instead of allowing the farmers to buy. Farmers go to the speculators and the speculators gain money by raising the price causing the farmers to buy loans
Tighten Credit
too many loans without pay. Interest rates were reasonable a the time. Call in people with loans and some farmers and businesses lose their land
Missouri Compromise
an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories; created by Henry Clay
Monroe Doctrine (1820)
Says if anyone invades those states, then they will start a war
Election of 1824
Jackson – 99 Electoral Votes: JQ Adams – 84; Crawford – 41(Secretary of the Treasury); Clay – 37
Election of 1828
Democratic Republicans; National Republicans; Mudslinging; Jackson - 54% popular, 178-83 electoral
Spoils System (20%)
Created by Jackson; replaces everyone in the Federal System; Jackson said to not put someone in the office for too long or they will "spoil"
Kitchen Cabinet
Jackson hardly called on the Cabinet, so the Kitchen Cabinet was created where people were saying Jackson was planning in secret in the kitchen of the White House (not true)
Pocket Veto
indirect veto of legislation by refusing to sign it; Jackson stuck it in his pocket (desk drawer) instead of signing or vetoing it until the legislation thing expires
Nullification Crisis
Doesn't have to do with Jackson personally, but with Congress; South Carolina will nullify the 1828 and 1832 tariff
Chief Black Hawk
Lead a big opposition about the government leading them out
Removal Act (1830)
Created because the Indians were not being moved west of the Mississippi fast enough; became federal issue instead of state
Cherokee
Civilized people: schools, written constitution, mills, newspapers; some had plantations and slaves; they sued instead of fighting back and John Marshall declared the Indian Removal Act as unconstitutional, but they are forced to move anyways
Trail of Tears
The road the Indians traveled when being forced to Oklahoma
Seminole War (1835-1842)
Rooted out most every Indian in Florida
Cleared land
100 million acres east of the Mississippi cleared from the Indians moving; 32 million acres of land in Oklahoma cleared for Indians to live
Soft Money
people who want to issue lots of paper money (current status) as to not run out of money; against national bank because they don't print enough money
Hard Money
people who want only coins and no paper money; against national bank because they print paper money
Whigs
Anti-king party
Election of 1836
Jackson decided to step down and not take his 3rd term in office, survived assassination attempt; Martin Van Buren – 170 Electoral, 50.9% Popular (Problem: he’s not Jackson); Whigs – 124 Electoral
Panic of 1837
Try to buy land, but the bank/economy crashes, loans are recalled, businesses crash, etc.
Treasury System
Creates treasury places in states to place money; similar to national banks
Election of 1840
Martin Van Buren runs again, and the Whigs unite; William Henry Harrison (Whig) wins but dies a month later from pneumonia, so John Tyler become president (Whig - Democrat)
Creole
Slave ship taken over by slaves on the way to America; sailed to the Bahamas, so now stated as free as British states were slave free
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Solved the Canada border issue; Webster - US Secretary of State; Ashburton - British Foreign Minister
Population of Americans
1800 - 5 million 1820 - 10 million 1840 - 17 million
Population of New York City
1828 - 150,000 1860 - 800,000
Urbanization
population of over 10,000 1820 - 6% 1840 - 10 % 1860 - 20%
Immigration
1815-1860 - 5 million European Immigrants 1860 - 25% Foreign-Born
Ghettos
Ethnic community where Irish would hang out with Irish and speak Irish
Native Americans
Back then meant those who were born in America
Order of the Star-Spangled Banner
aka. Know Nothings; Political party anti-immigrants
Erie Canal (1817-1825)
Created by New York and dug/built by hand; Transportation costs down 90% from canals
Tom Thumb
the little train that couldn't
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (1830)
First Railroad (BO Railroad); went along the national road
Railroad Progression
1836 - 1,000 Miles of Track 1840 - 3,000 1860 - 30,000 30 million acres of land
Clipper Ship
Merchant ship from the 19th century that plied global routes and ferried cargo and passengers
Power Loom (1816)
Water wheel to spin cotton into thread and make cloth
Second National bank (1816)
Created to stabilize the economy
Factory System
Created to do work all in the same place; Lowell System
Lowell System
Factory system for single women
Average Work Week
16 hours/day; 6.5 days per week (104 hours/week); Only off for church
Unions
Pro-workers; wanted women to have shorter work weeks; cut down on child labor; strikes
Union Associations
National Trade Union - 300,000 members (1835) Factory Girls' Association
Sewing machine (1846)
created by Howe; cuts down the price of shirts; later used in making shoes
Rags to Riches
people who started poor and ended up rich; e.g., Andrew Carnegie
Poor
if you couldn't make ends meet and needed help
Deserving Poor
people who couldn't work
Undeserving Poor
people who could work, but didn't; mainly immigrants because no one would give them a job
Middling Class
the people in between
Wheat
Number 1 crop and export until cotton took over
Cyrus McCormack
Mechanical Reaper in 1834; cuts down crops and allows more crops to be reaped at a time
Cotton
1839 - Cotton #1 US export 1860 - Cotton 50% of Value of US exports
Telegraph
created by Morse in 1844; could transmit messages quickly and notify that the train is late
South
Upper - tobacco growers Lower - cotton growers Everyone moves to the lower south
Slaves in South
1820 - 36% owned slaves 1860 - 25% owned slaves 3% owned more than 10 slaves less than 1% owned more that 20 slaves
The Peculiar Institution
The term used for the slavery system in the south
Free Blacks
150,000 free blacks in the south ~100,000 free blacks in the north Free, but they couldn't testify in a jury or vote
Note
Flashcard