History Exam 3

Samuel Slater

Businessperson/Inventor; created water powered mill

Robert Fulton

Businessperson/Inventor; tested the steamboat by going up the Hudson River

Nicholas Roosevelt

Businessperson/Inventor; invested in the steamboat.

Elias Howe

Businessperson/Inventor; created the sewing machine

Charles Goodyear

Businessperson/Inventor; vulcanized rubber which made ponchos then tires

John Deere

Businessperson/Inventor; created the steel plow in 1837

Eli Whitney

Businessperson/Inventor; created the cotton gin and helped Simeon North develop interchangeable parts

Simeon North

Businessperson/Inventor; helped Eli Whitney develop interchangeable parts

Thomas Crapper

Businessperson/Inventor; plumber who created the ballcock which prevents the toilet from overflowing

Crawford Long

Businessperson/Inventor; discovered anesthesia

WTG Morton

Businessperson/Inventor; dentist who first used anesthesia for an operation

Sylvester Graham

Businessperson/Inventor; created the graham cracker

Henry Steinway

Businessperson/Inventor; created pianos; German name was Heinrich Steinwig

Levi Strauss

Businessperson/Inventor; made pants for gold miners; now called Levi's

Samuel Morse

Businessperson/Inventor; created the telegraph and Morse code

Francis Scott Key

Songwriter; wrote Star Spangled Banner

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Writer; wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin - included everything bad that happened to slaves

Thomas Jefferson

Politician/Judge

John Marshall

Politician/Judge

Salmon P. Chase

Politician/Judge

Robert Livingston

Politician/Judge

Aaron Burr

Politician/Judge

James Madison

Politician/Judge

James Tallmadge

Politician/Judge; Senator of New York

William Henry Harrison

Politician/Judge

Andrew Jackson

Politician/Judge

James Monroe

Politician/Judge; served 2 terms of presidency basically unopposed

John C. Calhoun

Politician/Judge; chosen as Secretary of War (not good idea); from South Carolina; goes back to SC and became Senator

Henry Clay

Politician/Judge

John Quincy Adams

Politician/Judge; secretary of state during Monroe's presidency

Martin Van Buren

Politician/Judge; political ranking and part of the kitchen cabinet

Roger B. Taney

Politician/Judge; Chief Justice of the Court -> used as leverage by Jackson so the money can be placed in state banks; worse Chief Justice and incompetent

Zebulon Pike

Explorer

Oliver Perry

Soldier

Pawtucket, RI

Slater created a water powered mill here

National Road

Goes from Baltimore, through Philadelphia, to Vandalia (Illinois)

Steamboat

Much easier for farmers to get supplies and sell goods

White Americans West

1800 - 7% of White Americans West of Appalachians
1820 - 25% West of the Appalachians and Mississippi

The Great American Desert

The area north of Missouri like the Dakotas, Iowa, Michigan, etc; said it wasn't good land to cultivate

Era of Good Feeling

Everything looks good on the outside

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

Spain gives us Florida. Monroe was asking Spain to buy Florida while Andrew Jackson was invading Florida

Panic of 1819

Basically can be considered a Depression; includes land speculation and tighten credit

Land Speculation

business owners/speculators buy the land instead of allowing the farmers to buy. Farmers go to the speculators and the speculators gain money by raising the price causing the farmers to buy loans

Tighten Credit

too many loans without pay. Interest rates were reasonable a the time. Call in people with loans and some farmers and businesses lose their land

Missouri Compromise

an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories; created by Henry Clay

Monroe Doctrine (1820)

Says if anyone invades those states, then they will start a war

Election of 1824

Jackson – 99 Electoral
Votes: JQ Adams – 84; Crawford – 41(Secretary of the Treasury); Clay – 37

Election of 1828

Democratic Republicans; National Republicans; Mudslinging; Jackson - 54% popular, 178-83 electoral

Spoils System (20%)

Created by Jackson; replaces everyone in the Federal System; Jackson said to not put someone in the office for too long or they will "spoil"

Kitchen Cabinet

Jackson hardly called on the Cabinet, so the Kitchen Cabinet was created where people were saying Jackson was planning in secret in the kitchen of the White House (not true)

Pocket Veto

indirect veto of legislation by refusing to sign it; Jackson stuck it in his pocket (desk drawer) instead of signing or vetoing it until the legislation thing expires

Nullification Crisis

Doesn't have to do with Jackson personally, but with Congress; South Carolina will nullify the 1828 and 1832 tariff

Chief Black Hawk

Lead a big opposition about the government leading them out

Removal Act (1830)

Created because the Indians were not being moved west of the Mississippi fast enough; became federal issue instead of state

Cherokee

Civilized people: schools, written constitution, mills, newspapers; some had plantations and slaves; they sued instead of fighting back and John Marshall declared the Indian Removal Act as unconstitutional, but they are forced to move anyways

Trail of Tears

The road the Indians traveled when being forced to Oklahoma

Seminole War (1835-1842)

Rooted out most every Indian in Florida

Cleared land

100 million acres east of the Mississippi cleared from the Indians moving; 32 million acres of land in Oklahoma cleared for Indians to live

Soft Money

people who want to issue lots of paper money (current status) as to not run out of money; against national bank because they don't print enough money

Hard Money

people who want only coins and no paper money; against national bank because they print paper money

Whigs

Anti-king party

Election of 1836

Jackson decided to step down and not take his 3rd term in office, survived assassination attempt; Martin Van Buren – 170 Electoral, 50.9% Popular (Problem: he’s not Jackson); Whigs – 124 Electoral

Panic of 1837

Try to buy land, but the bank/economy crashes, loans are recalled, businesses crash, etc.

Treasury System

Creates treasury places in states to place money; similar to national banks

Election of 1840

Martin Van Buren runs again, and the Whigs unite; William Henry Harrison (Whig) wins but dies a month later from pneumonia, so John Tyler become president (Whig - Democrat)

Creole

Slave ship taken over by slaves on the way to America; sailed to the Bahamas, so now stated as free as British states were slave free

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Solved the Canada border issue; Webster - US Secretary of State; Ashburton - British Foreign Minister

Population of Americans

1800 - 5 million
1820 - 10 million
1840 - 17 million

Population of New York City

1828 - 150,000
1860 - 800,000

Urbanization

population of over 10,000
1820 - 6%
1840 - 10 %
1860 - 20%

Immigration

1815-1860 - 5 million European Immigrants
1860 - 25% Foreign-Born

Ghettos

Ethnic community where Irish would hang out with Irish and speak Irish

Native Americans

Back then meant those who were born in America

Order of the Star-Spangled Banner

aka. Know Nothings; Political party anti-immigrants

Erie Canal (1817-1825)

Created by New York and dug/built by hand; Transportation costs down 90% from canals

Tom Thumb

the little train that couldn't

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (1830)

First Railroad (BO Railroad); went along the national road

Railroad Progression

1836 - 1,000 Miles of Track
1840 - 3,000
1860 - 30,000
30 million acres of land

Clipper Ship

Merchant ship from the 19th century that plied global routes and ferried cargo and passengers

Power Loom (1816)

Water wheel to spin cotton into thread and make cloth

Second National bank (1816)

Created to stabilize the economy

Factory System

Created to do work all in the same place; Lowell System

Lowell System

Factory system for single women

Average Work Week

16 hours/day; 6.5 days per week (104 hours/week); Only off for church

Unions

Pro-workers; wanted women to have shorter work weeks; cut down on child labor; strikes

Union Associations

National Trade Union - 300,000 members (1835)
Factory Girls' Association

Sewing machine (1846)

created by Howe; cuts down the price of shirts; later used in making shoes

Rags to Riches

people who started poor and ended up rich; e.g., Andrew Carnegie

Poor

if you couldn't make ends meet and needed help

Deserving Poor

people who couldn't work

Undeserving Poor

people who could work, but didn't; mainly immigrants because no one would give them a job

Middling Class

the people in between

Wheat

Number 1 crop and export until cotton took over

Cyrus McCormack

Mechanical Reaper in 1834; cuts down crops and allows more crops to be reaped at a time

Cotton

1839 - Cotton #1 US export
1860 - Cotton 50% of Value of US exports

Telegraph

created by Morse in 1844; could transmit messages quickly and notify that the train is late

South

Upper - tobacco growers
Lower - cotton growers
Everyone moves to the lower south

Slaves in South

1820 - 36% owned slaves
1860 - 25% owned slaves
3% owned more than 10 slaves
less than 1% owned more that 20 slaves

The Peculiar Institution

The term used for the slavery system in the south

Free Blacks

150,000 free blacks in the south
~100,000 free blacks in the north
Free, but they couldn't testify in a jury or vote