Introduction to Guidance Counseling Midterms

Midterm Exams

RA 9258

Guidance and Counseling Act of 2004

Guidance and Counseling

• _______ is a profession that involves the use of an integrated approach to the development of a well-functioning individual primarily by helping him/her potentials to the fullest & plan his/her future in accordance with his/her abilities, interests & needs.

• It includes functions such as counseling subjects, particularly subjects given in the licensure examination , and other human development services.

Pre Colonial Time History of Guidance Counseling

People and Filipinos specifically seek help and guidance through the:

• Elders, faith healers, fortune tellers

• Superstitions

• Supernatural

Guidance and Counseling started with the movement of _________.

Frank Parsons

Father of Vocational Guidance

Frank Parsons

Year 1905

Frank Parson founded an institute, Civic Service House that offers vocational courses to underprivileged workers

Civic Service House

offers vocational courses to underprivileged workers

Year 1908

Founded the Boston’s Vocational Bureau

The first counselor of US

Jesse Davis

Year 1909

Jesse Davis implemented the Guidance program in Michigan school

Year 1910

Vocational Counselors was appointed in all elementary and high schools

Year 1912

Boston Placement Bureau was founded

Year 1920-1930

Public schools have seen the need for Guidance & Counseling beyond the vocational area. Students also need personal, social, and academic guidance as well as counseling but Guidance suffered a setback in 1930’s due to the Great Depression which has limited the funds for the Guidance.

The Great Depression

Suffered a setback in 1930

Year 1934

Guidance flourished

The George Dean Act

Enacted on June 8, 1936, it authorized an annual allocation of $14 million to support various vocational training programs across the states and territories.

Year 1936

The George Dean Act was passed which provided funding that would be used directly for vocational guidance counseling

Dr. Sinforoso Padilla

It was through the psychological clinic set-up by _________ that Guidance and Counseling has started.

Year 1932

Dr. Sinforoso Padilla Jr. opened a clinic to address the need of a number of cases of student discipline, emotional, academic & vocational problems

Year 1934

Counseling tests were administered to convicts of Bilibid Prison

Year 1939

Inmates in Welfareville

Psychological Tests

_______ were used for guidance purposes

SY 1939-1940

A dean of boys and a dean of girls in each four public high schools in Manila were chosen among the members of faculty to look after the behavior and conduct of the students

Year 1945

1st Guidance Institute was held in National Teacher’s College

Pensionados

Bureau of Public Schools started to send teachers as _________ for observation and study of guidance services abroad

1. Dr. Roy G. Bone

2. George H. Bennette

3. UNESCO specialists in guidance, Edward S. Jones

4. Dr. Henry McDaniel in Stanford University

The following personalities have helped a lot in making the Filipino education officials Guidance

conscious;

Year 1951

Congress proposed the establishment of functional guidance & counseling program in

schools to assist students in choosing their course and help them solve their personality problems.

Year 1952

Division School Superintendents recommended the establishment of Guidance services in schools and schools were encouraged to come up with guidance programs.

Year 1953

Philippine Association of Guidance Counselors were organized (in order to study the needs, interests and potentialities of young people & establish a Testing Bureau

1. Dr. Padilla

2. Dr. Perpinan

3. Mr. Tuason.

The most systematic guidance program in the Philippines was launched by the Guidance section of the United States Veterans administration composed of both American and Filipino Psychologist like _________, _________ and __________.

Year 1954

NTC – site of the 1st Guidance Institute

Years 1960’s and 1970’s

Different school offered courses in Guidance; different organizations were founded (PGCA, PACERS )

Year 2004

RA 9258 was created

Factors that led to the development of guidance

1. Family situation

2. Mobility of the Filipinos

3. Changes in Education

4. Development in the world of work

5. Increasing possibilities of experiencing crisis

6. Developments in Science and Technology

7. Increasing Multifarious Disorders

Foundation of Guidance

1. Philosophy

2. Psychology

3. Sociology

Philosophy

Guides the Counselor find the most suitable approach to understand Men.

Wilkin & Perlmutter Definition of Philosophy in 1960

Undertakes to study the general principles inthe critical analysis of fundamental assumptions and beliefs a field of knowledge

Free Online Dictionary Definition of Philosophy

The critical analysis of fundamental assumptions and beliefs

Meriam-Webster Dictionary Definition of Philosophy in 1998

A critical study of fundamental beliefs and grounds for them

Philosophy of Guidance

Construed as embracing philosophical and theoretical rationale fundamental to guidance services.

Peterson Philosophical Foundations of Guidance and Counseling; 1976

• Critical analysis of the fundamental assumptions and beliefs essential to the practice of guidance.

• Guidance; implies “value” and philosophical issues involved in judging ethical assumptions

Influential Philosophers; The big 3

1. Socrates

2. Plato

3. Aristotle

Socratic Method

• Rigorous questioning

• Provoke intellectual curiosity

• True knowledge is gained only by constant questioning assumptions that underlay

  all we do.

• Humans learn through the use of reasoning and logic; ultimately finding holes in

  their own theories and then patching them up.

Socrates’ View of Nature

1. The best life and life most suited to human nature involved reasoning.

2. Believes that nobody willingly chooses to do wrong.

3. The being in human is an inner-self.

4. This inner self is divine, cannot die and will dwell forever with the Gods.

5. The human being is so constituted that he “can” know the good. And knowing it, he can follow it, for no one who truly knows the good would deliberately choose to follow the evil. Only human being has these capabilities.

6. Life without examination ( dialogue ) is not worth living.

Plato

1. I am the wisest man alive, for I know one thing, and that is I know nothing.

2. Education is teaching our children to desire the right things.

3. Good people do not need laws as to tell them to act responsibly, while bad people will find a way around the laws.

4. Theory of Human Nature Humans are rational, social animals. He tends to identify human nature with reason and the soul as opposed to the body.

Aristotle

1. Humans are rational, social animals.

2. He believed both body and soul were parts of our nature.

Monism

Believed that there was only one underlying reality – the mind or the body, but not both

Dualism

Contended that both the mind and the body existed

Materialism

Believed that humans were entirely physical and determinists asserted that all human choices were determined by the laws of nature

Mechanism

Propounded that human beings were slaves to nature and like machines, they could be known totally and completely (influenced Freud, the father of Psychoanalysis and Skinner, the father of Behaviorism)

Rationalism

Emphasized that reason, innate ideas, and deductions guide knowledge (Rational-Emotive Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, and Cognitive Behavior Modification may have been influenced by this philosophy)

Empiricism

Underscored that experience was the source of knowledge and that learning was a process of accumulating a series of sensory experiences; this led to an understanding of cause-effect relationships and associations (this may also underlie the basic tenets of Behavior Modification)

Positivism

Concentrated on natural phenomena or facts that were objectively observable

Existentialism

Focused on the human beings and highlighted this as the only reality (Rogers and Frankl must have based their theoretical beliefs and practices on these)

Counselors belief or view of men and the philosophy in their practice:

1. Parsons

2. Davis

3. Hill

Beck (1963) contends that the following are the philosophical foundations of guidance:

1. An objective order of physical reality exists, independent of the knower, unaffected by the set of cognition.

2. Human organisms have an organization of potentialities which remain relatively stable

throughout life, “differentiating” and “weakening or strengthening” rather that “changing”

in genuine ontological terms.

3. Man can know only what is inside his phenomenal field; even inferences are made on the basis of the organization of his field.

4. Understanding a client precedes assisting him.

5. Empathy is possible because of the common meanings due to culture and common objects of experience.

6. Determinism is at present accepted as the framework of nature.

7. Each organism has the potential to solve his own life’s problems if only obstacles to seeing them clearly can be pointed out.

8. Each individual must, in the final analysis, make his own “choices” and must assume responsibility for his decision.

9. The dignity and worth of the individual, and his right to pursue his own lifestyle is presupposed.

10. Guidance is concerned with the “optimum development” of each man’s potentialities.

11. Organisms react as a whole; the total life-space of an individual must be taken into account in counseling.

12. Since the restructuring of fields is constantly taking place, man cannot see reality “whole.”

13. Inference made on the basis of past experiences constitutes a useful tool in making predictions in the lawful, “closed system” universe.

14. Inference is the only source of knowledge.

15. “Intuition” can be naturalistically in terms similar to the Gestalt “closure” phenomenon.

16. Naturalism is the ontological concomitant of phenomenology; supernaturalism is excluded as non-parsimonious.

17. The individual has “needs” which represent the actions necessary to maintain and/or enhance his phenomenal self.

18. The individual has to be made free to make his own choices.

Psychology

it lays the foundation of understanding human behavior. It also provides different approaches and techniques to be used in helping the individual with whatever issues or concern he/she has.

Villar (1997)

studied the compatibility of each approach to Filipino traits and culture.

Salazar-Clemeña (1991, 1995)

Developed a counselling for peace model for Filipinos (e.g., she noted the need to include peace with God as a central component because of the theocentric worldview of most Filipinos); however, the counselling methods advocated to help clients attain peace are standard Western techniques.

Bulatao (1978)

Presented a Filipino-relevant therapy, labelled transpersonal counselling, which he described as compatible with the group-centeredness of Filipinos, their tendency to prefer paternalistic counsellors over nondirective ones, and their readiness to enter into altered states of consciousness.

Decenteceo (1999)

Described a Pagdadala (burden-bearing) model in counselling and therapy in which the normal burden-bearing experienced by Filipinos serves as a metaphor or model for counselling with Filipinos;

Velazco (1987)

Made a model of economics counselling that integrates economic principles with traditional counselling techniques.

Sikolohiyang Pilipino

The developments in ________ was also important in the practice of Guidance

Sociology

This focuses on understanding the societal rules and processes that connect and separate people not only as individual but as member of a group, association or institution. It can help the counselor understand human groupings and how it can influence the human behavior.

Social Structures

1. Family

2. Schools/Education

3. Church/Religion

4. Government

5. Economy

6. Culture

7. Philippine Values

Principles of Guidance

1. Integral part of the educational system.

2. Responsive to the student/client needs.

3. It recognizes the student/client as an individual.

4. Guidance is for all.

5. The program is in the hands of a qualified personnel.

Aims of Guidance

1. Happiness of the individual, efficiency and competence.

2. It seeks to make each student/client self-actualizing, self-relying and self-directing including in him the spirit of initiative and responsibility.

3. Guidance seeks to help students/client choose immediate goals wisely & to evolve life goals that are personally satisfying ; beneficial to the society.

4. Guidance seeks the best development of the individual to the fullest actualization of his potential.

5. It seeks to help student/client understand himself by helping appraise his past development and to recognize his present assets, liabilities and interests.

6. It seeks to give information regarding the opportunities & requirements of different fields of endeavor.

7. It seeks to give students an understanding of the educational, vocational, recreational, personal and service activities in which they will take part both in school and in life.

8. It aims to help students to make intelligent choices at critical stages of his life.

9. Guidance is more interested in preventing crises in the lives of the students/clients than it is in rehabilitation or remedial work.

10. It seeks not only to help students meet the goals & solve problems of daily living but also to learn to a technique whereby he/she may in the future be able to solve his problems.

11. Guidance attempts to help teachers to teach more effectively and administrators to administer more effectively.

12. It seeks to help the home by interpreting the school; the program to the parents, and by exchange of information by mutual respect and support.

13. Guidance seeks to help parents deal more realistically & wisely with their children.

The Client: Risk Factors in the Development of a Healthy Youth

1. Poverty

2. Family structure and Family systems

3. Achievement Gap

4. Diversity

5. Dropouts and Discrepancies in Higher Education Attainment

6. Teen Unintended Pregnancy

7. Adolescent Drug and alcoholic abuse

8. Mental Illness and Emotional Disorders

9. School Violence, Bullying and Aggression

10. Child Maltreatment

11. Depression and Suicide

Guidance Head/Director

A Leader and Visionary

Role of Guidance Head

1. Manager

2. Developer

3. Leader

Tasks of Guidance Head

1. Plans and prepares program with the staff

2. Plans and controls the budget

3. Recruitment, selection, assignment and evaluation of personnel

4. Ensures the proper implementation and evaluation of the services

5. Coordinates with the school community for proper support and understanding of Guidance

activities and services

6. Ascertaining that ethical standards are observed by the Guidance personnel and in the extension

of services, programs and activities

Skills and Competencies of Guidance Head

1. Planning

2. Budgeting

3. Organizing

4. Controlling

Traits of Guidance Head

1. Good communication skills

2. Flexibility in dealing with clients/staff

3. leadership

Educational Qualification of Guidance Head

• Gibson and Mitchell believed that to be , the director must;

1. Have an understanding and awareness of systematic theories that guide professional

practice and practical working knowledge of the fundamental principles and methods of

psychology

2. Have sufficient encounter with human beings and an understanding of their dominant

motives, interests, ambitions and symptoms of important character elements.

3. Undergo constant updating and upgrading of skills and knowledge

Professional Qualification of Guidance Head

1. Be aware of and contribute to the advancement of counseling through conducting research

and disseminating information on the process and outcome of studies through professional

writing or seminars and workshops.

2. Actively participate in professional organizations

3. Adhere to legal and professional ethical standards in the field

Psychometrician Tasks

1. Identifies and selects test in coordination with the Counselor

2. Schedules, administers tests and interpret and provide test results to Counselors

3. Prepares and secures test materials

Psychometrician Skills and Competencies

1. Good oral and written communication skills

2. Clerical skills

3. Motivational skills

4. Organizational skills

5. Technical writing skills

Psychometrician Traits

1. Pleasant

2. Understands the value of confidentiality

3. Attention to detail

Secretary

The _______ takes care of clerical tasks, makes sure that there is proper transmission of messages

and appropriate reception of visitors in the office.

Registered Psychometrician: Secretary Tasks

1. Welcomes people and inform clients about the Guidance staff whereabouts

2. Receives and transmit messages and delivers call slip.

3. Assist the other guidance staff in clerical works.

4. Encode reports

Registered Psychometrician: Secretary Skills and Competencies

1. Clerical skills

2. Interpersonal skills

3. Communication skills

4. Negotiation skills

Registered Psychometrician: Secretary Traits

1. Attention to detail

2. Good EQ

3. Have common sense to handle emergencies

Registered Psychometrician: Secretary Qualification

1. A two-year secretarial course or any 4-year course graduate

2. Has the capacity to maintain confidentiality

3. Aware and understands the principles and practices related to her work

5 C’s of a Counselor

1. Counsellor

2. Coordinator

3. Consultant

4. Conductor of activities

5. Change Agent

Counselor’s Specific Tasks

1. Schedule and conducts counseling

2. Organizes and conducts group guidance activities

3. Coordinates or runs enrichment/training programs for teachers, parents and students

4. Administer and interpret tests

5. Ensures gathering and recording of complete client data for Individual Inventory

6. Assess needs

7. Holds consultation and coordination activities

8. Collects and disseminates information

9. Writes reports, keep records, and prepares materials

10. Follow-up parents

11. Place students in appropriate academic, social & occupational programs

12. Conducts research and evaluation

13. Refers clients to qualified experts

14. Develop a Guidance program

Counselor Skills and Competencies

1. Assessment (Diagnose needs)

2. Individual and group counseling

3. Consultation

4. Coordination

5. Referral

6. Test administration and interpretation

7. Decision-making

Some Traits of a Counselor

1. Genuine interest on others

2. Patience and flexibility

3. Creativity

4. Decisiveness

5. Ability to understand others’ perspectives

6. Belief in the ability of others to solve their problem

Qualification of Licensed Guidance Counselor

1. Auxiliary Personnel

2. Psychologist

3. Psychiatrist

4. Social Worker

Facilities of Guidance Counselor

1. Counselor's room/office

2. Receiving Area/Waiting area

3. Testing room

4. Conference room

5. Storage

Appearance of the facilities

The office must be something that is comfortable and inviting

Sources of Revenue

1. Guidance Fee

2. Testing

(depending on the school)

Expenses of Guidance Counselor

1. Activities

2. Materials

3. Honorarium for speakers

4. Office supplies

5. Salary of the staff