Bio 1610 13 PPT

Ploidy

Ploidy

The number of sets of chromosomes in an organism's genome.

Meiosis

The process of going from diploid to haploid cells, resulting in the formation of gametes.

Homologous chromosomes

Chromosomes that have the same genes in the same order, but may have different alleles.

Diploid (2n)

Having two sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent.

Haploid (n)

Having one set of chromosomes.

Gametes

Haploid cells, such as eggs and sperm, that are involved in sexual reproduction.

Fertilization

The fusion of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote.

Genetic variation

The diversity of genetic traits within a population, which is increased through processes like meiosis and sexual reproduction.

Independent assortment

The random distribution of homologous chromosomes during meiosis, leading to different combinations of alleles in gametes.

Crossing over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, resulting in genetic recombination.

Random fertilization

The chance fusion of gametes during sexual reproduction, leading to further genetic variation in offspring.

Crossing over

The process in which genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, resulting in recombinant chromosomes in haploid daughter cells.

Recombinant chromosomes

Chromosomes that contain genetic material from both parental chromosomes due to crossing over during meiosis.

Independent assortment

The random distribution of homologous chromosomes during meiosis, leading to the production of unique gamete genotypes.

Random fertilization

The random fusion of gametes during sexual reproduction, resulting in a vast number of possible genetic combinations.

Genetic diversity

The variety of different genotypes within a population, which is increased through sexual reproduction and mutations.

Horizontal gene transfer

The transfer of genetic material between different organisms, contributing to genetic diversity in species that reproduce asexually.

Polyploid refers to an organism or cell that contains _______ or more complete sets of chromosomes. This condition can occur naturally or be induced artificially through various methods. Polyploidy often leads to increased genetic diversity and can have significant impacts on an organism's characteristics and reproductive abilities.

two

What happens in prophase I

Each chromosome aligns at the synapsis

Crossing Over occurs at the chiasmata

Microtubules attach to kinetochores

Homologous pairs move toward the metaphase plate

What are the steps in metaphase I

Homologus chromosomes allign at the metaphase plate

What happens in Anaphase I

Proteins holding homologs break down

Homologs move apart

What happens in telophase I

Each half of the cell has a complete haploid set of chromasomes

Cytokinesis occurs simultaneously

Cleavage furrow forms

What happens in meiosis II`

The same thing, except now the sister chromatids separate creating four total haploid cells

What are three ways genetic variation occurs

Independent Assortment

Crossing Over

Random Fertilization