Studied by 8 peopleOssicles
________: three tiny bones known called the malleus (or hammer), incus (or anvil), and the stapes (or stirrup)
Proximity
________: things that are close to one another tend to be grouped together,
Absolute threshold
________: the minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50 % of the time.
Light waves
________ are transmitted across the cornea and enter the eye through the pupil.
Pinna
________: the visible part of the ear that protrudes from our heads,
Normal sighted individuals
________ have three different types of cones that mediate color vision.
Proprioception
________ (perception of body position) and kinesthesia (perception of the bodys movement through space) interact with the information provided by the vestibular system.
Transduction
________: the conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential.
vestibular sense
We have sensory systems that provide information about balance (the ________), body position and movement (proprioception and kinesthesia), pain (nociception), and temperature (thermoception)
auditory system
The ________ uses both monaural (one- eared) and binaural (two- eared) cues to localize sound.
Motivation
________ to detect a meaningful stimulus can shift our ability to discriminate between a true sensory stimulus and background noise.
Sound waves
________ travel along the auditory canal and strike the tympanic membrane, causing it to vibrate.
Frequency
________: the number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period.
normal sighted individual
In a(n) ________, the lens will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the fovea, which is part of the retina, the light- sensitive lining of the eye.
Similarity
________: things that are alike tend to be grouped together.
Rods
________ and cones are connected to retinal ganglion cells.
object recognition
The "what pathway "is involved in ________ and identification, while the "where /how pathway "is involved with location in space and how one might interact with a particular visual stimulus.
Nociception
________: a signal indicating potential harm and pain.
Timbre
________: a sounds purity.
Semi circular canals
________: involved in balance and movement (the vestibular sense)
Umami
________: our fifth taste; associated with a taste for monosodium glutamate.
Wavelength
________ is directly related to frequency.
major sensory organ
The eye is the ________ involved in vision.
Afterimage
________: the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus.
Molecules
________ from the food and beverages we consume dissolve in our saliva and interact with taste receptors on our tongue and in our mouth and throat.
Inattentional business
________: failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention.
Sensation
________: when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.
Sensory adaptation
________: we often dont perceive stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time.
Amplitude
________: the distance from the center line to the top point of the crest or the bottom point of the trough.
Loudness
________ is measured in terms of decibels (dB), a logarithmic unit of sound intensity.
Perception
________ involves both bottom- up and top- down processing.
Pain
________: an unpleasant experience that involves both physical and psychological components.
Thermoception
________: temperature perception.
Lens
________: a curved, transparent structure that serves to provide additional focus.
odor molecule
Once a(n) ________ has bound a given receptor, chemical changes within the cell result in signals being sent to the olfactory bulb.
Electromagnetic spectrum
________: encompasses all of the electromagnetic radiation that occurs in our environment.
Taste information
________ is transmitted to the medulla, thalamus, and limbic system, and to the gustatory cortex.
object
Figure: the ________ or person that is the focus of the visual field.
Attention
________ plays a significant role in determining what is sensed versus what is perceived.
Taste molecules
________ bind to receptors on the extensions and cause chemical changes within the sensory cell that result in neural impulses being transmitted to the brain via different nerves, depending on where the receptor is located.
Signal detection theory
________: The ability to identify a stimulus when it is embedded in a distracting background.
Visible spectrum
________: the portion of the larger electromagnetic spectrum that we can see.
Blind spot
________: a point in the visual field we cant see.
Higher amplitudes
________ are associated with louder sounds.
Monaural cue
________: sounds that occur above or below and in front or behind us.
Depth perception
________: our ability to perceive spatial relationships in 3- D space.
Webers law
________: the difference threshold is a constant fraction of the original stimulus.
Binocular disparity
________: the slightly different view of the world that each of our eyes receives.
retinal ganglion
Axons from the ________ cells converge and exit through the back of the eye to form the optic nerve.
Cochlea
________: a fluid- filled, snail- shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells (hair cells) of the auditory system.
Sensory receptors
specialized neurons that respond to specific types of stimuli
Sensation
when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor
Transduction
the conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential
Absolute threshold
the minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time
Subliminal messages
when we receive messages that are presented below the threshold for conscious awareness
Just noticeable difference (jnd) or difference threshold
how much difference in stimuli is required to detect a difference between them
Webers law
the difference threshold is a constant fraction of the original stimulus
Perception
the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced
Bottom-up processing
perceptions are built from sensory input
Top-down processing
how we interpret those sensations is influenced by our available knowledge, our experiences, and our thoughts
Sensory adaptation
we often dont perceive stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time
Inattentional business
failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention
Signal detection theory
The ability to identify a stimulus when it is embedded in a distracting background
Amplitude
the distance from the center line to the top point of the crest or the bottom point of the trough
Wavelength
the length of a wave from one peak to the next
Frequency
the number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period
Visible spectrum
the portion of the larger electromagnetic spectrum that we can see
Electromagnetic spectrum
encompasses all of the electromagnetic radiation that occurs in our environment
Timbre
a sounds purity
Cornea
the transparent covering over the eye that serves as a barrier between the inner eye and the outside world
Pupil
the small opening in the eye through which light passes
Lens
a curved, transparent structure that serves to provide additional focus
Rods
a type of specialized photoreceptor thats located throughout the remainder of the retina, and are involved in our vision in dimly lit environments and our perception of movement on the periphery of our visual field
Optic nerve
carries visual information from the retina to the brain
Optic chiasm
the point just below the brain where the optic nerve from each eye merges
Blind spot
a point in the visual field we cant see
Trichromatic theory of color vision
all colors in the spectrum can be produced by combining red, green, and blue
Afterimage
the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus
Depth perception
our ability to perceive spatial relationships in 3-D space
Binocular cues
cues that rely on the use of both eyes
Binocular disparity
the slightly different view of the world that each of our eyes receives
Monocular cues
cues that require only one eye
Linear perspective
we perceive depth when we see two parallel lines that seem to converge in an image
Pinna
the visible part of the ear that protrudes from our heads,
Tympanic membrane
the eardrum
Ossicles
three tiny bones known called the malleus (or hammer), incus (or anvil), and the stapes (or stirrup)
Semi-circular canals
involved in balance and movement (the vestibular sense)
Cochlea
a fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells (hair cells) of the auditory system
Basilar membrane
a thin strip of tissue within the cochlea
Temporal theory of pitch perception
frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron
Place theory of pitch perception
different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies
Monaural cue
sounds that occur above or below and in front or behind us
Binaural cue
provides information on the location of a sound along a horizontal axis by relying on differences in patterns of vibration of the eardrum between our two ears
If a sound comes from an off-center location, it creates two types of binaural cues
interaural level differences and interaural timing differences
Interaural level difference
a sound coming from the right side of your body is more intense at your right ear than at your left ear because of the attenuation of the sound wave as it passes through your head
Interaural timing difference
the small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear
Deafness
the partial or complete inability to hear
Congenital deafness
when people are born deaf
Conductive hearing loss
when the hearing problem is associated with a failure in the vibration of the eardrum and/or movement of the ossicles
Sensorineural hearing loss
when the hearing problem is associated with a failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain
Note
Flashcard