Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space

Kinetic Energy

Energy in action

Potential Energy

Stored energy

Chemical Energy

Stored in bonds of chemical substances

Element

Matter is composed of elements, cannot be broken into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods

Atom

Unique building blocks for each element

Proton

Positive charge, found in nucleus

Neutron

No charge, found in nucleus

Electron

Negative charge, Orbit nucleus in an electron cloud

Nucleus

Almost entire mass of the atom composed of Neutrons and Protons

Ion

Atom with net electric charge due to loss or gain of one or more electron

Atomic Symbol

One or two letter chemical shorthand for each element

Isotope

Structural variations of atoms, differ in number of neutrons they contain

Molecule

2 or more atoms bonded together; all compounds are molecules

Mixture

Two or more components physically intermixed

Solution

Homogeneous (same) Mixtures

Solvent

The dissolver

Solute

What's dissolved

Suspension

Heterogenous mixtures; large, visible solutes settle out

e.g. blood

Chemical Bond

Energy relationships between electrons of atoms; electrons in valence shells

-has most potential energy

-chemically reactive electrons

Octet rule

Valence Shell

Outermost electron shell

Ionic Bond

Transfer of valence shell electrons from one atom to another forms ions

Polar Covalent Bond

Unequal sharing of electrons produces polar molecules such as H2O

H-:O, C-:O, H-:N

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Electrons shared equally such as CO2

H-H, C-H, O-N

Hydrogen Bond

Attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule

Electronegativity

Tendenancy for atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons

Molecular Formula

Subscript indicates atoms joined by bonds, prefix denotes number of unjoined atoms or molecules

Synthesis Reaction

Combine to form larger, more complex anabolic

A+B -> AB

Anabolic

Synthesis

Catabolic

Decomposition

Decomposition Reaction

Molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms

AB -> A+B

Exchange Reaction

Displacement reactions; synthesis and decomposition; bonds made and broke

AB+C -> AC+B

Rate of Chemical Reaction

Affected by temperature, concentration of reactant, particle size

Water Properties

High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, cushioning

Electrolytes

Ions

Acids

Proton donors, release H+

0-6 on pH scale

Base

Remove protons, take up H+

8-14 on pH scale

Buffer

Acidity reflects only free H+

Help maintain pH stability

pH

Rates the acidity and basicity of things

Inorganic

Do not contain carbon

Organic

Contain carbon

Monomer

Building blocks

Polymer

Chains of similar units called monomers

Carbohydrate

Sugars and Starches; Polymers; Major source of cellular fule

Monosaccharide

One sugar

Disaccharide

Two sugars

Polysaccharide

Many sugars

Lipid

Insoluble in water

Triglycerides

Neutral fats; energy storage; composed of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol molecule

Phospholipids

Modified triglycerides

Glycerol + two fatty acids and A phosphorus (P)- containing group

Steroids

Interlocking four ring structure

e.g. cholesterol, vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts

Saturated Fatty Acid

Single covalent bonds between C atoms; solid animal fats e.g. butter

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

One or more double bonds between C atoms; Plant oils e.g. olive oil

Cholesterol

Important steroid

Protein

Polymers; amino acids are the monomers in the proteins

Amino Acid

Joined by peptide bonds, contain amine group and acid group, can act as either acid or base

Peptide Bond

Covalent bonds

Protein Structure

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

Primary

Order of amino acids

Secondary

Repetitivie shape; a-helix and b-sheet

Tertiary

Secondary structures combined into 3D; protein

Quaternary

Two or more tertiary polypeptide chains

Denaturation

Globular proteins unfold and lose functional, 3-D shape

Enzyme

Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts

Substrate

Substance or layer that underlies something

Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA; Polymers; composed of nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group

Nucleotides

Monomer

DNA

Deoxyribose Acid, Double Helix, contain Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine

RNA

Ribonucleic Acid, single stranded molecule, contains Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil

Parts of Nucleotides

1. Five carbon ribose sugar

2. Phosphate molecule

3. One of four nitrogenous bases

Formula for Chemical Bonds

N=O>C=H

= Polar, > Non Polar