absolutism & revolution

absolutism

system in which a ruler holds total, absolute power

absolute monarchs

ruler who commanded absolute obedience & held complete authority over the government & lives of people

divine right to rule

authority to rule comes from god; god's agent; used by monarchs to justify their power & actions

parliament

government body that tried to stand firm against absolutism in england

henry viii

good relationship with parliament; act of supremacy

elizabath i

consulted & controlled parliament; rarely asked for their view & advice; 12 out 13 times called parliament for money; 45 year reign

armada

fleet of warships

spanish armada

elizabath encouraged " sea dogs" to plunder spanish ships and loot cities in spanish americas; phillip ii sent an armada to invade england & overthrow parliament; failed: "strong winds"

phillip ii of spain

beef with elizabeth i; absolute monarch & claimed divine right; guardian of rcc; enforced catholic unity & set inquisition against protestants

james i

was scottish; not popular; claimed divine right to rule; parliament not impressed; had religious disputes with protestants

dissenters

protestants whose views & opinions differed from those of the church of england

charles i

absolute monarch; imprisoned enemies without trial; major beef with parliament; was executed by own people

english civil war

a war between the supports of charles i & supporters of parliament; challenged english absolutism

cavaliers

charles i supporters

roundheads

parliament supporters

oliver cromwell

leader of roundheads; put charles i on trial; became dictator of commonwealth and called himself "lord protector"

commonwealth

parliament declared england a republic; leader: oliver cromwell

new model army

army created by oliver cromwell for parliament

charles ii

kingless decade ended; popular; restored official church and encourage religious tolerance; parliament happy

james ii

brother of charles ii; openly catholic & appointed catholics to office/ suspended laws; people worried he would restore the rcc

glorious revolution

when parliament leaders asked mary ii & her husband to replace her father james ii & was a bloodless overthrow

mary ii

protestant; forced to accept the english bill of rights; overthrew her father

english bill of rights

ensured parliament superiority over the monarchy

limited monarchy

government in which constitution or legislative body limits the monarchs power

charles i/v

king of spain & holy roman emperor; devout catholic & divides the empire

st bartholomeus's day massacre

catholic plot: huguenot & catholic royal wedding; 3,000 huguenots killed + more over next few days

huguenots

french protestants

henry iv

house of bourbon; huguenot->catholicism; issued edict of nantes; restored & set foundation for abolistism in france

edict of nantes

protected & gave religious tolerations & other freedoms to huguenots

louis xiii

inherited throne at young age; appointed cardinal richelieu; major architect in french absolutism

louis xiv

"sun king"; divine right to rule; used sun to symbolize absolute power; never called a meeting & had no role in checking his power; worked with middle class & limited influence of nobles; france became strongest & wealthiest; revoked edict of nantes because he saw protestant minority as a threat to unity; huguenots fled france

sun

center of the universe

cardinal richelieu

chief minister who worked to strengthen the royal government & destroyed any who defied the royal government

5 great european powers

great britain, austria, prussia, russia, france

"i am the state"

king louis xiv

estates- general

assembly made up of representatives of all french social classes

adam smith

father of economics; he favored laissez faire; he was known for his work, the wealth of nations; he believed in free market & free enterprise.

rousseau

genevan philosopher who believed people in their natural state were born basically good; he was an advocate of common people, and believed that the government should protect equality and the characters of all

diderot

french philosopher who helped produce and edit copies of the encyclopedia; he wanted to change how people thought by explaining topics such as government, philosophy, & religion.

john locke

english political philosopher who had an optimistic view of human nature; he believed people were born with natural rights: life liberty and property; he believed in early separation of church and state; he also believed in the right to revolution and supported limited and constitutional monarchies.

laissez faire

the hands off approach for a government; the idea that the a business and economy should operate with little to no government involvement

montesquieu

french political philosopher who criticized absolute monarchy; he believed that the government should protect individual liberties; he also believed in the separation of powers and checks and balances.

thomas hobbes

english political philosopher who lived through the English Civil War; he wrote the leviathan during the civil war, which argued that people are cruel, greedy, and selfish naturally and that they needed to be protected from them selves; he wanted a powerful central government and supported absolute monarchy.

voltaire

french writer of the Enlightenment who argued for freedom of speech, religion, and the separation of church and state; he was critical of organized religion, corruption, powerful institutions, and injustice.

free enterprise

commerce & business compete for profit with little or no government interference

philosophes

intellectuals of enlightenment

physiocrats

focus on economic reforms & rejected mercantilism

censorship

restricted access to ideas & info: banned books & imprisoned writers

the enlightenment

an intellectual movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason to reconsider the accepted ideas & social institutions of the time

enlightenment despots

monarchs that established enlightenment reform

restoration

the period of charles ii's rule over england, after the collapse of oliver cromwell's government.

estates

french society was divided into 3 social class orders

first estate

rcc clergy; very small percentage of the population 1%; owned 10% of land; barely paid taxes

second estate

rich nobles; 2% of population; owned 20-30% of land; exempt from taxes

third estate

poor peasants & middle class; peasents- 90% population, owned 35-40% of land; bourgeosie- 8% population, owned 20-25% of land; paid 50% of their income in taxes

louis xvi

excessive spender & angered french citizens; reign during the revolution; married to marie antionette; executed by radicals

stalemate

1st & 2nd estate voted to increase taxes on the 3rd estate

tennis court oath

delegates moved to a nearby tennis court & vowed not to disperse until the received constitutional reform; reform-minded clergy & nobles began to join the assembly

the storming of the bastille

marked the beginning of the french revolution; rumors circulated that royals planned to occupy the capital, paris; more than 800 people storm the bastille prison to try & seize gunpowder & weapons

sans-culottes & jacobins

radical groups

marie antoinette

queen of france during revolution; disliked for excessive spending & was slandered in the media with cartoons; executed 9 months after king xvi

the reign of terror

10 month period when suspected enemies of the revolution were guillotined by the thousands

committee of public safety

dealt with threats to the french republic; leader-maximilien robespiere

robespierre

a chief architect of the reign of terror; said it was necessary to protect the revolution & achieve its goal

napoleon bonaparte

popular military hero during revolution; lead a coup d'etat & seized power; abolished directory & appointed himself "first consul"; later crowns himself emperor of france; controlled europe with forced alliances (forceful diplomacy)

first consul

when napoleon bonaparte abolished directory & appointed himself

napoleonic code

new set of laws; one of napoleon's lasting reforms

concordat 1801

re-established the catholic church in france proclaiming catholicism to be the majority religion; religious toleration

napoleonic wars

a series of major conflicts with the combined forces of the greatest european powers

continental system

a blockade designed to hurt britain economically by closing european ports to british goods

congress of vienna

assembly of european leaders that worked to piece europe back together after the fall of napoleon