Psychology Concepts

These flashcards cover key psychological concepts and terminology to aid in exam preparation.

What is self-efficacy?

an individual's belief in their own ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.

What is the collective unconscious?

a concept by Carl Jung referring to shared memories and archetypes common across humanity.

Define collectivism.

a cultural value that emphasizes the importance of the group over the individual.

What are defense mechanisms in psychology?

psychological strategies used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety and guilt.

List four types of defense mechanisms.

Repression, displacement, denial, sublimation, projection, and reaction formation

What does repression signify a failure of?

a failure of cognitive processing, as it involves blocking out unacceptable thoughts or memories.

Describe the id.

the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories.

Describe the ego.

realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego.

Describe the superego.

is the moral conscience that holds the ideals and values of society.

What are the characteristics of a self-actualizing person?

exhibit traits like autonomy, creativity, and a deep sense of purpose.

Which psychological perspective is associated with self-actualization?

is associated with the humanistic perspective.

What is the difference between internal locus of control and external locus of control?

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refers to the belief that one controls their own fate, whereas ___of control believes that external forces dictate one's life.

What is the cycle of reciprocal determinism?

is the concept that behavior is influenced by personal factors, environmental factors, and the behavior itself.

What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

psychological theory that categorizes human needs into a five-tier model, from physiological needs to self-actualization.

What are the Big Five personality traits?

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

What types of tests are considered projective tests?

psychological testing methods, such as the Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test, which aim to uncover hidden emotions and internal conflicts.

What is noted about the age range when traits begin to stabilize?

begin to stabilize during adolescence and into young adulthood.

What are the main differences between humanists and behaviorists?

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focus on personal growth and self-actualization while behaviorists focus on observable behaviors and the effects of reinforcement.