WGU D413 - Telecomm and Wireless Communications (EASY STUDY)

CSU/DSU

A device that connects end-user equipment to a digital circuit.

Multiplexing

combines multiple signals into one signal to travel over a channel.

Advantages of multiplexing

Increased bandwidth efficiency, reduced costs for transmission infrastructure, and the ability to transmit multiple signals simultaneously without interference.

Cat5

100MHz

100Mbps

100m

Cat5e

250MHz

1 Gbps

100m

Cat6

250MHz

1 Gbps | 10 Gbps

100m | 55m

Cat6a

500MHz

10 Gbps

100m

Cat7

600MHz

10 Gbps+

100m

Cat8

2000Mhz

25/40 Gbps

30m

802.3

10 Mbps

Original Ethernet

802.3u

100 Mbps

Fast Ethernet

802.3ab

1 Gbps (copper)

1000BASE-T (Cat 5e)

802.3z

1 Gbps (fiber)

1000BASE-SX/LX

802.3ae

10 Gbps(fiber)

10GBASE-SR/LR

802.3an

10 Gbps (copper)

10GBASE-T (Cat 6a)

802.3ba

40 Gbps & 100 Gbps

40GBASE & 100GBASE

802.11a

54 Mbps

First OFDM

802.11b

DSSS

2.4 GHz

11 Mbps

802.11g

OFDM

2.4 GHz

54 Mbps

802.11n

WIFI 4

MIMO

600 Mbps

802.11ac

WIFI 5

Wider Channels

MU-MIMO (downlink)

6.9 Gbps

802.11ax

WIFI 6/6E

OFDMA

Full MU-MIMO

6 GHz

9.6 Gbps

802.11be

WIFI 7

MLO

320 MHz

4098-QAM

46 Gbps

ISO/IEC 11801

Cabling categories (Cat 5e, 6, 6a, 7, 7a, 8)

ISO/IEC 11801 Class Eₐ

Cat 6a 500 MHz

full 10 Gbps (copper)

100 m

ISO/IEC 11801 Class F

Cat 7

600 MHz

10G

100m

ISO/IEC 11801 Class Fₐ

Cat 7a

1000 MHz

10G/40G/100G

100m/50m/15m

ISO/IEC 11801 Class I/II

Cat 8

2000 MHz

25/40 Gbps

30 m

ISO/IEC 8802-3

Identical to IEEE 802.3. ISO version

Ethernet physical layer

ISO/IEC 8802-11

Identical to IEEE 802.11

Wi-Fi

ISO version

ISO/IEC 7498-1

The OSI 7-layer model

ISO/IEC 9314

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)

old

rarely asked

Standard for twisted-pair categories (Cat 5e-8)

ISO/IEC 11801

Which class is Cat 6a?

Class Eₐ

Which class is Cat 7 / Cat 7a?

Class F / Class Fₐ

The OSI reference model comes from which standard?

ISO/IEC 7498-1

1000BASE-SX

1 Gbps

1G multimode

500m (OM3)

1000BASE-LX

1 Gbps (long)

1G singlemode

OS1/OS2

5-10 km

10GBASE-SR

10 Gbps

10G multimode

OM3/OM4

300m - 400m

10GBASE-LR

10 Gbps

10G singlemode

OS2

10km

10GBASE-ER

10 Gbps

10G extended

OS2

40km

40GBASE-SR4

40 gbps (short)

40G multimode

OM4

100-150m

100GBASE-SR4

100 Gbps (short)

100G multimode

OM4

100-150m

40GBASE-LR4

40 Gbps (long)

40G singlemode

OS2

10km

100GBASE-LR4

100 Gbps

100G singlemode

OS2

10km

100GBASE-PSM4

100 Gbps (cheap)

Parallel Singlemode

OS2

500m

400GBASE- DR4/FR4/LR4

400 Gbps

OS2

500m- 10km

OM1

Old multimode

OM2

Multimode

1G up to 550m

OM3

Laser-optimized multimode

10GBASE-SR up to 300m

OM4

Enhanced multimode

10G - 400m

100G - 150m

OS1

Old Singlemode

Indoor

short distance

OS2

Modern Singlemode

10km - 40km

10 Gbps multimode fiber standard?

10GBASE-SR (OM3/OM4)

10 Gbps singlemode 10 km?

10GBASE-LR (OS2)

100 Gbps over 10 km fiber?

100GBASE-LR4

NIST

National Institute of Standards and Technology (USA)

IaaS

Infrastructure as a Service.

Rent compute power/storage

Bare metal, VMs, storage.

You install OS, apps, everything

PaaS

Platform as a Service

You only write code and applications. Cloud Provider manages Infra and user chosen Operating System (OS specific updates).

SaaS

Software as a Service

Software hosted by a Cloud and/or Service provider.
Users just use the software via internet, and subscribe.

Public Cloud vs Private Cloud

Public: is owned by the provider, sold to anyone. you can buy services. ex: AWS, Azure, etc.

Private: is owned exclusively by 1 organization. Resources are not shared.
Org can build their own data center, or they can contract with a Cloud Provider, to have their own exclusive equipment, not shared with other customers. (Ex. AWS hosting U.S. Gov private cloud, in Virginia/D.C.)

Hybrid Cloud vs Community Cloud

Hybrid: Mix of Public + Private. Organization may need a private cloud for internal use, and may need a public cloud to host services for external customers.
(Ex. Amazon Marketplace, even AWS itself. Amazon has it’s own private cloud, and has several public ones for customers wtih IaSS, and PaSS needs)

Community: Shared throughout multiple organizations. (Ex. Hospitals share one cloud for medical records)

SDN (Software Defined Networking)

Separates Control plane and Data plane.

Control: Decides where packets go

Data: forward packets

via OpenFlow

Straight-through cable

Different devices(PC to switch) = straight-through

Pin 1 > Pin 1 ---- Pin 3 > Pin 3

Straight through works for everything now with Auto-MDIX

cross-over cable

Same devices (PC to PC) = crossover

Pin 1 > Pin 3 ---- Pin 3 > Pin 1

Almost extinct due to Auto-MDIX. still tested

rollover cable

Only for Cisco devices

Famously light-blue

Pin 1 > Pin 8 --- Pin 2 > Pin 7 and so on.

Connects laptop to cisco switch.

not a network cable. cannot carry data traffic.

What is one characteristic of coaxial cables?

They use dielectric insulator to reduce electromagnetic field interference.

One drawback of fiber-optic cable?

Fragile components.

What is bandwidth?

- max capacity of the link (how much it can carry)

- usually in bps

- could be shown as MHz, Gbps, or Mbps

what contributes to signal attenuation?

Noise

Frequency

The number of complete waves that pass a given point in a second.

how is phase defined?

wave position relative to a reference position.

What is a type of waveform used to transmit electromagnetic signal in wireless media?

Radio waves

What is the wireless service that enables people to have access to mobile internet?

Cellular digital packet data (CDPD)

Low-power radio waves

limited range and reduce interference

2.4 Ghz, 5 GHz

Bluetooth

NFC

WIFI

10-100m

High-power radio waves

large range and requires license

radio bands

TV broadcast, Cell towers

kilometers to hundreds of kilometers

Low-power ultraviolet waves

-longer wavelength, lower energy

-315-400 nm (NM)

-UV-A

-In money detectors, backlights.

-does NOT damage printer toner quickly

High-power ultraviolet waves

-shorter wavelength, higher energy

-207-28 nm (NM)

-UV-C

-sanitize boxes, hospital room sterilization, water purifiers

-Dangerous, burns eye/skin in seconds

Cycle Redundancy Check (CRC)

Detects a large propotion of possible errors

Which type of modem has been branded as a broadband device?

Cable Modem

ISO/IEC 27017

Cloud Security

ISO/IEC 27018

Cloud Privacy

Which IEEE standard that defines bluetooth?

802.15(.1)