Studied by 10 people
Global Tapestry
Refers to the interconnectedness of various regions and civilizations around the world during the period of 1200-1450, characterized by cultural, political, economic, and technological exchanges.
Bureaucracy
A system of government in which decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives, often characterized by hierarchical authority and specialized functions.
Civil Service Exam
Examinations based on merit to select candidates for government positions, particularly notable in China where it was used to recruit officials based on their knowledge of Confucian classics and administrative skills.
Scholar Gentry
A social class in imperial China formed by individuals who passed the civil service exams, known for their education, influence, and role in governance.
Grand Canal
A waterway in China connecting the Yellow River and Yangtze River, facilitating transportation, trade, and communication between northern and southern China.
Tribute System
A system in which foreign countries paid tribute to the Chinese emperor as a sign of submission and to maintain peaceful relations, common in East Asia during various dynasties.
Bushido Code
The code of conduct followed by samurai warriors in feudal Japan, emphasizing virtues such as loyalty, honor, and self-discipline.
Dar al-Islam
Refers to the regions where Islam is the dominant religion or where Muslims have significant influence, encompassing diverse cultures and societies under Islamic rule.
Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates
Islamic dynasties that played a significant role in the development and spread of Islam from Spain to India.
Egyptian Mamluks
Slave soldiers who gained political control and established a dynasty ruling Egypt and Syria from 1250 to 1517.
Seljuk Turks
Rulers of parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 1000s to 1300s, migrating from northern Iranian provinces into mainland Iran.
Delhi Sultanate
Muslim kingdom in northern India established by Central Asian Turkish warlords around the 1200s, lasting until their conquest by the Mughals.
Hindu Caste System
Social hierarchy in Hinduism where individuals are born into a caste and typically remain in it until death and reincarnation, promoting stability but limiting social mobility.
Hindu Rajput Kingdoms
Various Hindu kingdoms in northern India that emerged after the fall of the Mauryan and Gupta Empires, competing with each other and facing Islamic expansion.
Khmer Empire
Powerful state in Southeast Asia lasting from 802 CE to 1431 CE, covering regions of Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and southern Vietnam, known for Angkor Wat.
Srivijaya Empire
Indonesian Hindu empire based on Sumatra, influential in Southeast Asia for trade and the spread of Buddhism from the 8th to the 12th century.
Mississippian Culture
Civilization in southeastern United States known for large earthen mounds, matrilineal social structure, and monumental structures.
Incan Empire
Empire in South America along the Andes Mountains, known for a united monarchy, llama sacrifices, state-led economy, and the use of quipu for recording information.
Mansa Musa
A famous and powerful king of Mali who built mosques and libraries in Timbuktu and traveled the Trans-Saharan Trade Network on his hajj to Mecca, showcasing Mali's wealth and power.
Feudalism
A political, economic, and social hierarchy in medieval Europe where land was granted by the monarch to lords, who in turn granted land to vassals, creating a system of obligations and services.
Hundred Years War
A conflict between England and France lasting from 1337 to 1453, leading to the emergence of nationalism and the decline of feudalism.
Renaissance
A period of European cultural, artistic, political, and economic flourishing following the Middle Ages, characterized by a rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature, and art.
Crusades
Series of religious wars initiated by the Catholic Church to recapture the Holy Land from Muslims, leading to increased power for regional monarchs and cross-cultural exchanges.
Theravada Buddhism
A branch of Buddhism emphasizing meditation, simplicity, and nirvana as renunciation of consciousness and self, prevalent in Southeast Asia.
Mahayana Buddhism
Another branch of Buddhism focusing on great rituals and spiritual comfort, more complex but widely spread, found in China, Japan, and other regions.
Confucianism
A philosophical and ethical system founded by Confucius in China, emphasizing social order through fundamental relationships like ruler and subject, parent and child, and friend and friend.
Hinduism
A major religion in India that encompasses a variety of beliefs and practices, emphasizing the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth (samsara) and the pursuit of liberation (moksha).
Dharma
The rules and obligations of one's caste in Hinduism, following which is believed to move believers towards Brahma.
Moksha
The highest goal in Hinduism, representing internal peace and the release of the soul.
Islam
A monotheistic religion founded in the 7th century by the prophet Muhammad, with the Qur’an as its holy book.
Judaism
A monotheistic faith of the Hebrews, characterized by a unique relationship with God and adherence to the laws of the Torah.
Sui Dynasty
A Chinese dynasty (581-618) known for its architectural achievements, including the construction of the Grand Canal.
Tang Dynasty
A golden age in Chinese history (618-907) marked by stability, cultural flourishing, and interaction with the outside world.
Tang Taizong
The second emperor of the Tang dynasty known for his openness to reform and listening to criticism.
Equal Field System
A land distribution system developed by the Tang dynasty to prevent peasant land from being concentrated in the hands of the aristocracy.
Samarkand
A trading city that grew massively along the Silk Roads as merchants exchanged goods from all over the world.
Kashgar
Another trading city that experienced significant growth due to its location along the Silk Roads.
Banking Houses
Institutions that issued bills of exchange, facilitating trade along the Silk Roads by providing access to capital.
Champa Rice
A specific type of rice resistant to drought that was traded along the Silk Roads.
Battle of Talas
A significant battle between the Abbasid Caliphate and the Tang Dynasty that took place near the Talas River in Central Asia.
Bubonic Plague
A deadly disease that spread along trade routes, including the Silk Roads, causing widespread devastation.
Pax Mongolica
A period of peace and stability across the Mongol Empire that facilitated trade and cultural exchange.
Ibn Battuta
A famous Muslim explorer who traveled extensively throughout the Islamic world and beyond, including along the Silk Roads.
Greco-Roman and Islamic medical knowledge
Knowledge in the fields of medicine that originated from the Greco-Roman and Islamic civilizations and spread to Europe, contributing to the foundation of the Renaissance.
Arabic numerals
The number system we commonly use today, which was originally developed in the Middle East and introduced to Europe, aiding in lifting Europe out of the Dark Ages.
Uygher script
A script adopted by the Mongols, which still exists in various forms in Turkey today.
Indian Ocean trade
The largest sea-based trade network during this time period, where bulk trade of goods such as timber, frankincense, ivory, and sandalwood occurred at a lower cost compared to overland routes.
Maritime technologies
Technological advancements like lateen sails, dhow ships, and the astrolabe that improved navigation and safety for sailors in the Indian Ocean trade.
Diasporic communities
Communities established by merchants along trade routes to introduce their cultural traditions into other societies, such as Arab and Persian communities in Eastern Asia, Chinese merchants in Southeast Asia, and Malay communities in the Indian Ocean basin.
Trans-Saharan Trade Route
A trade route connecting West Africa to other parts of the world, facilitated by technologies like camel saddles and caravans, carrying goods like salt, gold, slaves, and cowrie shells.
Mansa Musa
A super-rich king of the Mali Empire, known for his pilgrimage to Mecca that flooded cities with gold, showcasing the wealth of the Mali Empire.
Cultural Effects of Trade Networks
The impact of trade routes on the exchange of ideas and religions, such as the spread of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam across different regions due to trade interactions.
Islam
A monotheistic religion founded in the 7th century by the Prophet Muhammad, based on the teachings of the Quran.
Islamic Caliphate
The political-religious state comprising the Muslim community and the lands and peoples under its dominion in the centuries following the death of Muhammad.
Mansa Musa
The emperor of the Mali Empire in the 14th century, known for his pilgrimage to Mecca and his immense wealth.
Papermaking
The process of making paper from wood pulp or other fibrous materials, a significant technological innovation that spread from China.
Gunpowder
A mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal used in ancient and modern firearms and explosives, originating in China.
Ibn Battuta
A Muslim Berber scholar and explorer who traveled extensively throughout the Islamic world in the 14th century.
Marco Polo
A Venetian merchant and explorer who traveled from Europe to Asia in the 13th century and documented his experiences in "The Travels of Marco Polo."
Margery Kempe
An English mystic and author of the first English-language autobiography, "The Book of Margery Kempe," who traveled on pilgrimages in the 14th century.
Land-Based Empires
Empires that focused on land-based expansion and administration, prominent between 1450-1750, such as the Ottoman, Ming, Mughal, and Safavid Empires.
Gunpowder Empires
Empires such as the Ottomans, Mughals, Safavids, and Qing China known for their early use of gunpowder armies and weaponry.
Samurai
Japanese warriors who served the feudal lords and later, during the Tokugawa Shogunate, took on administrative roles within the government.
Palace of Versailles
Lavish palace in France built by Louis XIV, used for military demonstrations and as a symbol of royal power.
Divine Right
The belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from a higher power, often used to justify monarchs' legitimacy to rule.
Mandate of Heaven
An ancient Chinese belief that the ruler has the divine approval to govern, and any misrule could lead to the loss of this mandate.
Djenne Mosque
A significant mosque in the Songhai Empire, showcasing the spread of Islam in West Africa.
Aztec Empire
A confederation of cities in Central Mexico known for its practice of human sacrifice and tribute collection from subject peoples.
Taxes
Essential revenue collection system in empires, involving the levying and collection of funds to support the government and its activities.
Tax farming
A practice where governments sold the rights to collect taxes to non-government officials who could collect taxes at their own rate from specific areas for a set period in exchange for an upfront payment.
Silver monetization
A system where the Ming Empire in China decided to collect all taxes in silver, leading to a monetized economy and easier government transactions, but also causing inflation due to the increasing supply of silver.
Land Based Empires
Empires like the Ottoman, Mughal, and Russian Empires that derived power and wealth mainly from land, agriculture, and trade routes.
Maritime Empires
Empires such as the British, Spanish, and Portuguese Empires that gained power and wealth through overseas trade, colonies, and control of trade routes on the seas.
Divine Right of Kings
A belief system where rulers claim their authority to govern directly from a higher power, such as the French Empire's Divine Right of Kings.
Devshirme System
A system in the Ottoman Empire where young Christian boys were taken, converted to Islam, and trained to serve the state, particularly in the military.
Social Hierarchy
A system of organizing society based on race/culture or religion, as seen in the Qing Dynasty's restrictive policies on Han Chinese or the Ottoman Empire's Millet System based on religion.
Trading Post Empires
Empires like the Portuguese and Dutch that established trading posts in regions without asserting direct control over land.
Colonial Empires
Empires such as the British and Spanish that conquered land, settled populations, and established colonies in regions they controlled.
Columbian Exchange
The widespread exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus' voyages in 1492.
Mercantilist Policies
Economic policies aimed at maximizing exports and limiting imports to increase a country's wealth by keeping more money within its borders.
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of goods, people, ideas, and diseases between the Old World (Afro-Eurasia) and the New World (the Americas) following Christopher Columbus' voyage in 1492.
Atlantic Slave Trade
The trade of African slaves to the Americas, primarily for labor on plantations, which significantly impacted the demographics and cultures of the Americas.
African Diaspora
The dispersion of African peoples across the Americas due to the slave trade, leading to the blending of cultures, languages, and the development of new forms of music.
Treaty of Tordesillas
A treaty signed in 1494 between Spain and Portugal dividing the lands of the Americas between them, influencing the languages and cultures of the regions.
Encomienda System
A labor system established by the Spanish in the Americas, forcing Native Americans to work on plantations in exchange for food and shelter, similar to feudalism.
Triangular Trade
The consistent trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, involving the exchange of goods, slaves, and cash crops.
Commercial Revolution
The shift to a trade-based economy using gold and silver, driven by factors like colonial development, new trade routes, population growth, and inflation.
Price Revolution
The period of increased prices due to heightened trade and mining activities, leading to rising debts and economic instability.
Queen Nzinga
Queen of Ndongo (present-day Angola) who resisted Portuguese colonization, forming alliances with the Dutch and leading her troops into battle to protect her land.
Cossacks
Escaped Russian serfs who organized as free peasants, particularly in the steppes, and rebelled against Catherine the Great's rule.
Maratha Empire
Hindu warriors who rebelled against the Mughal Empire in South Asia, leading to the downfall of the Mughal rule and the rise of the Maratha Empire until 1818.
Pueblo Revolt
The successful rebellion of the Pueblo community against Spanish conquest in present-day New Mexico in 1680, leading to a temporary retreat of the Spanish forces.
Maroons
Escaped slaves in Jamaica who formed settlements and rebelled against slave owners.
Gloucester County Rebellion
The first slave revolt in the British American colonies in 1663.
Metacom's War
Also known as King Philip's War, a conflict between Native American tribes and British colonists in New England in 1675.
Glorious Revolution
A conflict in England where Protestants supported William of Orange to overthrow Catholic King James II in 1688.
Gunpowder Empires
Ottoman, Mughal, and Safavid empires known for their military prowess and use of gunpowder.
Jizya tax
A tax imposed on non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire as a form of religious discrimination.
Nobility
Second class in European society below the royals, owning most of the land and having influence in Parliament.
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