AMSCO CHAPTER 22 {𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐋𝐃 𝐖𝐀𝐑 𝐈 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐈𝐓𝐒 𝐀𝐅𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐇 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒-𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟎}

𝐈𝐭 𝐛𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐬 𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬 𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐦𝐮𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐥𝐥, 𝐓𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐯𝐚𝐢𝐥 𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐞𝐧 𝐒𝐞𝐞𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐯𝐚𝐢𝐧. 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐰𝐡𝐨 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐓𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐲 𝐬𝐥𝐞𝐞𝐩 𝐮𝐩𝐨𝐧 𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧? 𝐕𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐥 𝐋𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐬𝐚𝐲, "𝐀𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐡𝐚𝐦 𝐋𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐧 𝐖𝐚𝐥𝐤𝐬 𝐚𝐭 𝐌𝐢𝐝𝐧𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭," 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo, started World War I.

Austrian Ultimatum to Serbia

Asking unfair concessions, 48hrs to answer, Serbia agrees to all but letting them in to observe nations

Triple Alliance

A military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in the years preceding World War I

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Allies

Britain, France, and Russia- Later joined by Italy

Central Powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire

Moral Diplomacy

Foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace

Jones Act

1916-Act which granted full territorial status to the Philippines, guaranteed a bill of rights and universal male suffrage, as well as Philippine independence as soon as a stable government was established

Citizenship of Puerto Ricans

Citizenship given to Puerto Ricans in 1914

Panama Canal Tolls

This act in 1912 exempted US ships from paying taxes when crossing the Panama Canal. Woodrow Wilson later repealed this act.

Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan

was a strong supporter of expansion. had pet projects to negotiate treaties in which nations pledged to submit disputes to international committees and a cooling off period of a year after war to make treaties.

California Land Policy and tensions with Japan

In the first two decades of the twentieth century, the relationship between the United States and Japan was marked by increasing tension and corresponding attempts to use diplomacy to reduce the threat of conflict. Each side had territory and interests in Asia that they were concerned the other might threaten. U.S. treatment of Japanese immigrants, and competition for economic and commercial opportunities in China also heightened tensions. At the same time, each country's territorial claims in the Pacific formed the basis for several agreements between the two nations, as each government sought to protect its own strategic and economic interests.

Gentleman's Agreement

an informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan whereby the U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration or students, and Japan would not allow further immigration to the U.S.

Root-Takahira Agreement

Agreement between Japan and America in which they pledged to respect each other's territorial claims in the Pacific and also maintained an "open door" policy for trade with China

Great White Fleet

16 American battleships, painted white, sent around the world to display American naval power

Wilson in Latin America

Anti-imperialist ideas for Latin America but would get involved if economic interests would be affected.

Haiti

Troubled Caribbean island nation where a president's murder led Wilson to send in the marines and assume American control of the police and finances

Dominican Republic

In 1905, the U.S. imposed financial restrictions upon this Caribbean nation. Part of making sure Latin America traded with the U.S. and not Europe.

Virgin Islands

A group of islands in the Caribbean Sea east of Puerto Rico that are divided politically between the US and Great Britain. purchased by the United States from Denmark in 1917

Central America

A region of southern North America extending from the southern border of Mexico to the northern border of Colombia. It separates the Caribbean Sea from the Pacific Ocean and is linked to South America by the Isthmus of Panama. Important to the US because of the Panama Canal.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

1901 - Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama canal zone provided the canal itself remained neutral. U.S. given full control over construction and management of the canal.

Wilson and Mexico

Wilson did not want to get involved with Mexico's Revolts because they were financially motivated. In the end he does send troops to South Texas

General Victoriano Huerta

brutal dictator; Wilson refused to recognize his bloody regime; nearly ended up fighting the US in 1914

Mexican Immigration

As Mexicans arrived in the United States, most became poorly paid agricultural, mine, and railroad laborers, with little prospect of upward economic mobility.

Tampico Incident

An arrest of American sailors by the Mexican government that spurred Woodrow Wilson to dispatch the American navy to seize the port of Veracruz in April 1914. Although war was avoided, tensions grew between the US and Mexico.

Port of Veracruz

Tensions built up after American Sailors were arrested in 1914

ABC intervention

official name was the Consultation, Non-Aggression and Arbitration Pact. Argentina, Brazil and Chile. May 15, 1915, the Powers met in Canada to sign a formal treaty, designed to develop cooperation, nonaggression and the arbitration of disputes between Mexico and the United States.

Venustiano Carranza

He became president of Mexico in 1914. He succeeded the harsh President Huerta. President Carranza at first supported Wilson's sending General Pershing into Mexico to look for the criminal Pancho Villa, but when he saw the number of troops he became outraged and opposed Wilson.

Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.

John Pershing

He was a U.S. General who led the landings in France in huge numbers by the American Expeditionary Forces in WWI; was an American general who led troops against "Pancho" Villa

American Expeditionary Force

About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals

Embargo Act 1812

Jefferson cuts off all trade w/ Europe

Non-Intercourse Act

1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.

Macon's Bill No. 2

Reopened trade with Britain and France , America would lend its support to the first nation to drop trade restrictions; France acted first and America halted all British imports. The United States declared war on Britain.

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

German blockade

Blockade of the area between Great-Britain and France by the use of German U-boats. The Germans did not want Britain sending supplies to the other Allied Powers

British Blockade

Declared a loose, ineffectual and hence illegal blockade, it defined a broad list of contraband which was not to be shipped to Germany by neutral countries.

Sussex Pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

U.S. Economic Boom and Trade

Industrialization increases during WWI, trade also increases but becomes compromised by German U-Boats

Loans

war bonds sold to individuals to raise money for the war effort

Kaiser Wilhelm

Became ruler of Germany in 1888 and dramatically changed Germany's foreign policy. He wanted to show the world how mighty Germany had become and did not want to share his power with anyone. He let Germany's treaty with Russia lapse in 1890, which allowed Russia to form a defensive military alliance with France. Next, Wilhelm began a shipbuilding program in order to make the German navy equal to the British fleet. This led Britain to form an alliance with France.

Italian Americans

Cheered on the Allies in 1915. Did not face as much harassment as Germans and Irish.

British War Propaganda

Britain commanded seas, also commanded war news that was cabled daily to US newspapers, made sure American press was well supplied with stories of German soldiers atrocities in Belgium and Eastern France

National Security League

the name of the group created by Wilson in order to push for a bigger army and navy and also a system of universal military training.

National Defense Act

Act of 1916 that expanded the regular federal army from 90,000 to 175,000 and permitted gradual enlargement to 223,000, expanded the National Guard to 440,000, made provision for their training, and gave federal funds for summer training camps for civilians.

"He Kept Us Out of War!"

Wilson's most effective slogan in the campaign of 1916

Colonel Edward House

foreign policy adviser, sent to European countries to try to make a peace settlement. didn't work

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters

Zimmerman Telegram

This was sent by Germans to encourage a Mexican attack against the United States. Intercepted by the US in 1917.

Russian Revolution

The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917.

Declaration of War

On April 2, 1917, President Wilson asked Congress to recognize that a state of war existed between Germany and the US. His speech condemned Germany's submarine policy as "warfare against mankind" and declared: "the world must be safe for democracy."

War Industries Board

Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.

Bernard Baruch

He headed the War Industries Board which placed the control of industries into the hands of the federal government. It was a prime example of War Socialism.

Food Administration

This government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food and ration food for the military.

Fuel Administration

Like the Food Administration, the Fuel Administration encouraged Americans to save fuel with "heatless Mondays" and "gasless Sundays." The actions helped create a sum of $21 billion to pay for the war.

Harry Garfield

President James Garfield's son and the leader of the Fuel Administration

National War Labor

A board that negotiated labor disputes and gave workers what they wanted to prevent strikes that would disrupt the war

William Howard Taft

Former President that helped arbitrate disputes between workers and employers as head of the National war Labor Board.

Liberty Bonds

Where people bought bonds so the government could get that money now for war. The bonds increased in interest over time.

Increased Taxes

increase in personal income tax and corporate taxes.

excise taxes placed on luxury goods such as liquor and cigars

Williams Jennings Bryan

Served as Wilson's Secretary of State until he resigned after the Wilson's handling of the Lusitania. Strict isolationist. Bryan remained active in politics however. A fundamentalist Christian, he remained opposed to the teaching of Darwinist evolutionary theory, and in 1924 drafted legislation to prevent its teaching in Florida schools as well as in other states.

Jeannette Rankin

The first woman elected to Congress from Montana; was a pacifist and voted no on the war resolution

Robert La Follette

1855-1925. Progressive Wisconsin Senator and Governor. Staunch supporter of the Progressive movement, and vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and League of Nations.

Committee on Public Information

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

American Protective League

An American World War I-era private organization that worked with federal law enforcement agencies in support of the anti German Empire movement, as well as against radical anarchists, anti-war activists, and left-wing labor and political organizations.

Espionage Act 1917

United States federal law passed shortly after entering World War I, on June 15, 1917, which made it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies. The legislation was passed at the urging of President Woodrow Wilson, who feared any widespread dissent in time of war, thinking that it constituted a real threat to an American victory.

Sedition Act 1918

added to Espionage Act to cover "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces.

Eugene Debs

led railroad workers in Pullman strike, arrested; Supreme Court (decision in re Debs) legalized use of injunction (court order) against unions and strikes. Was one of 2000 people that were prosecuted under the Espionage and Sedition Acts. He was given 10 years sentence for speaking against the war

Schenck v. United States

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.

Voluntary enlistment

As soon as the war began thousands of men enlisted but the military still needed more soldiers

Selective Service Act 1917

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

African American Troops

Harlem hell-fighters. Spent the most time fighting on the front line and were the some of the most decorated soldiers

Jobs for Women

women entering the workforce due to men leaving to war. some women worked as volunteers and others as wage earners

Mexican Migration

The influx of Hispanics in America from 1850-1900. Mainly worked as railway builders and farmhands. Heavily discriminated against.

African-American migration

movement of 6 million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1910 and 1970. The Great Migration

Ship construction

as a response to Allied emergency the U.S. took a record-setting program of ship construction.

Second Battle of the Marne

The first battle that the US participated in overseas. They stopped Germany from taking France, turning point of world war 1

Battle of the Argonne Forest

Last major battle US was a part of, bloodiest battle in history

Main battle of WW1. After battle, Germany is forced to an Armistice.

Weapons of WWI

tanks, machine guns, grenades, poisonous gas, artillery, airplanes

U.S. Casualties

49,000 in combat deaths; disease and flu epidemic 112,432

Demobilization

act of changing from a war basis to a peace basis including disbanding or discharging troops. Men came back home and took their jobs back..

The Red Scare

when Americans were afraid of a communist revolution in America - when they followed A. Mitchell Palmer in apprehending suspected communists

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

1919 Steel Strike

Strike centered in Chicago, over 365,000 participated. Wanted to cut the work day from 12 hours to 8. Employers used anti-immigrant propaganda to sway the natural born citizens. Turned the middle class against the labor movement.

Great Seattle Strike

first major strike of 1919. Unionists joined shipyard workers in a peaceful strike for higher pay.

Chicago race riot

black populations expanded to white neighborhoods, and found jobs as strikebreakers, and they were triggered by an indecent at a beach lead to black and white gangs killing fifteen whites and 23 blacks

Fourteen Points

The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.

Treaty of Versailles

(WW) 1918, , Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Air Force. 2) Germany had to repair war damages (33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons.

Article X

This part of the Versailles Treaty morally bound the U. S. to aid any member of the League of Nations that experienced any external aggression.

The Big Four

Italy, France, England, and the U.S. 4 powers who met at Versailles to discuss peace

Henry Cabot Lodge

Henry Cabot Lodge was a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened.

Irreconcilables and reservationists

Senators split on the Treaty of Versailles

Wilson's tour

Western tour believing that his policy could prevail if he could personally rally public support.

Rejection of treaty

Senate voted twice on Treaty, defeated both times, Democrats voted for the treaty with reservations, Wilson directed his supporters to reject any reservations, joined with irreconcilable faction in defeating it

Election of 1920

Warren G. Harding (R) vs James Cox (D) 2) issues were WW I; the post-war economy and the League of Nations 3) Harding preached "Normalcy"

Warren Harding

29th president of the US; Republican; "Return to Normalcy" (life as it had been before WWI-peace, isolation); presidency was marred by scandal

Calvin Coolidge

(1923-1925) and (1925-1929), taciturn; small gov't conservative; laissez faire ideology; in favor of immigration restriction (Immigration Act); reduced the tax burden; the Bonus Bill was passed over his veto; Revenue Act of 1924; Kellogg-Briand Pact

Old Guard

public disillusionment over the war allowed the return of the conservative Republicans

Association of Nations

a new type of standing international organization dedicated to fostering international cooperation, providing security for its members, and ensuring a lasting peace