lesson 5 abdomen

the abdomen is ….. to the thorax

inferior

the abdominal cavity is bounded ….1…. by the diaphragm and …..2….. by the pelvic inlet

1. superiorly

2. inferiorly

how high can the abdominal cavity extend superiorly

4th intercostal space

the abdominal cavity continuously inferiorly to the

pelvis inlet

what is the Abdominopelvic Quadrants : Topographical divisions

used to describe the location of abdominal organs and the pain associated with abdominal problems

the abdominopelvic surface is divided into how many segments

4

1

median plane (vertical)

2

Transumbilical plane (horizontal)

3

right upper quadrant 

4

left upper quadrant

5

right lower quadrant

6

left lower quadrant

what are the organs in the Right Upper Quadrant (6)

• right lobe of liver 

• gallbladder 

• right kidney 

• portion of stomach 

• small and large intestine 

what are the organs in the Left Upper Quadrant (6)

• left lobe of the liver 

• stomach 

• pancreas

• left kidney 

• spleen 

• portion of the large intestine  

what are the organs in the right lower quadrant (5)

• cecum

• appendix 

• portion of small intestine 

• reproductive organs (right part) 

• right ureter 

what are the organs in the left lower quadrant (4)

• most of small intestine 

• portion of large intestine 

• left ureter 

• reproductive organs (left part)

if there was pain in the Right Lower Quadrant what disease would u suspect

appendicitis 

pain in the right upper quadrant what disease would u suspect 

gallbladder or liver problems 

what method of locating internal organs is more precise

Nine-region pattern

1

midclavicular planes (verticle)

2

subcostal plane (horizontal)

3

intertubercular plane (verticle)

4

right hypochondrium

5

epigastric region

6

left hypochondrium

7

right flank

8

umbilical region

9

left flank

10

right groin

11

pubic region

12

left groin

what organs are in the right hypochondriac region

• right lobe of the liver 

• gallbladder 

• large intestine 

• small intestine (partially)

Epigastric region organs

• stomach

• left lobe of liver

• duodenum

• adrenal glands

left hypochondriac organs

• spleen 

• stomach 

• pancreas

• large intestine 

right flank organs

• large intestine 

• small intestine 

• right kidney 

umbilical region

• small intestine 

• umbilical cord (in foetus) 

• pancreas 

• reproductive organs 

left flank organs

• large intestine

• small intestine 

• left kidney 

right groin organs

• cecum 

• appendix 

• small intestine (ileum)

• right reproductive organs 

• right ureter 

pubic region organs

• small intestine (ileum)

• colon

• urinary bladder 

• reproductive organs 

left groin organs

• large intestine 

• small intestine 

• left reproductive organs 

• left ureter 

do the abdominal muscle flash cards

done

where are the anterolateral muscles 

in the abdominal wall

how many muscles in the anterolateral wall

5

what are the 3 flat muscles

• external oblique 

• internal oblique 

• transversus abdominis 

what are the 2 vertical muscles that are near the midline and are enclosed within a tendinous sheath by the aponeuroses of the flat muscles

• rectus abdominis

• pyramidalis

what are the functions of he anterolateral muscles

• keep organs in place

• posture 

• protection 

• quiet and forced expiration 

external oblique muscles are … muscles

flat and the most superficial and horizontal

1

latissimus dorsi muscle

2

abdominal part of pectoralis major muscle 

3

external oblique muscle

4

aponeurosis of external oblique 

5

inguinal ligament

6

linea alba 

7

anterior superior iliac spine

what does he aponeuroses cover

anterior part of the abdominal wall o the Linea alba 

what are the associated ligaments to the external obliques 

• inguinal ligament 

• lacunar ligament 

internal oblique muscles are …. muscles

flat and smaller and thinner and horizontal

how are internal oblique muscles

superomedial direction (facing up)

what does the aponeuroses do

blends into the Linea alba

transversus abdonminis muscles are …….

horizontal

flat

deep to the internal oblique muscle

the rectus abdomins muscle is a ….. muscle 

flat, vertical 

the rectus abdominis is intersected by …

3-4 transverse tendons

pyramidalis muscles are …

flat vertical muscles

pyramidalis muscle are ….. to the rectus abdominis muscle

anterior 

always present (pyramidalis muscle) true/false

FALSE

where is the pyramidalis muscle

from pubis to the linea alba

which part of the rectus sheath covers the upper ¾ rectus abdominis

external oblique - covers all anterior (top)

internal oblique - half covers anterior(top) and half posterior(bottom)

transversus abdominis - covers all posterior (bottom)

which part of the rectus sheath covers the inferior ¼ of the rectus abdominis 

external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdomins covers all the anterior 

does the inferior ¼ of the rectus abdominis have a posterior sheath

no - making it weaker

what is the arcuate line

it marks he lower limit of the posterior wall of the rectus sheath 

located between your belly button and pubic bone 

1

psoas major 

2

psoas minor

3

lumbar vessels

4

transversus abdominis

5

quadratus lumborum

6

iliacus

what posterior wall muscles are medial

• psoas major

• psoas minor

what posterior wall muscles are lateral

• quadratum lumborum muscles

what posterior wall muscles are superior

diaphragm

what superior wall muscles are inferior

iliacus muscles

the psoas minor muscles are always present true/false

false

quadratus lumborum where are they

fill the spaces between ribs XII and iliac crest

are they overlapped by the psoas major muscles

yes overlapped medially

what is the iliopsoas muscle comprised of

• inguinal ligament

• psoas major muscle 

in the inferior of the diaphragm it has 2

left dome

right dome 

what are the right and left domes caused by

underlying abdominal contents pushing these lateral areas upwards

what pushes these areas up on the right

• liver 

• right kidney 

• right suprarenal gland

what pushes these areas up on the left

• fundus of the stomach (top bit)

• spleen

• left kidney

• left suprarenal gland 

in the inferior diaphragm the right crus is ….

longest and broadest

the right crus is attached to

the bodies of lumbar vertebra (LI to LIII) and intervening intervertebral discs 

the left crus is

shorter

the left crus is attached to

lumbar vertebrae (LI and LIII) and associated intervertebral disc

in the diaphragm how many hiatus and foramen?

2 hiatus and 1 foramen

what goes through the Aortic hiatus

• aorta artery

• azygos vein

what goes through Oesophageal hiatus

• Oesophagus

what goes through Caval opening ?

• inferior vena cava

• right phrenic nerve 

does the left phrenic nerve pass through the caval opening 

NO - passes through muscular part of the diaphragm 

what is the peritoneum

thin membrane lines the walls of the abdominal cavity and viscera 

what is the Parietal peritoneum

lines walls of the abdominal cavity

what is the visceral peritoneum

covers the viscera - external surface