biomolecules

Macromolecules

Large carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Polymer

Long molecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

Monomer

Repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer

Enzymes

Specialized macromolecules that speed up (catalyze) dehydration process

Condensation Reaction

Also called dehydration synthesis/ reaction

Condensation Reaction

Reaction in which two molecules/monomers are covalently bonded to each other through the loss of water molecule

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

4 biomolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Carbon

The central element

Carbon has ______ valence electrons; hence, its bonding capacity is great

four

Carbon linkage:

- Single chains
- Rings

Carbon binds to:

- OH groups in sugar
- NH2 groups in amino acids
- H2PO4 groups of nucleotides of DNA, RNA, and ATP

Functional groups:

OH, NH2, PO4

Isomer

Same molecular formula, Different Structure

Structural isomer

difference in the C skeleton structure

Stereoisomer

difference in location of functional groups

Enantiomers

- is a special type of stereoisomers that mirror images of each other

Monomers are made into polymers via

dehydration reaction

Polymers are broken down into monomers via

hydrolysis reactions

Monomer and Polymer of Carbohydrate

Monosaccharide
Starch

Monomer and Polymer of Nucleic Acid

Nucleotide
DNA/RNA strand

Monomer and Polymer of Protein

Amino acid
Polypeptide

Monomer and Polymer of Lipids

Fatty Acid
Triglyceride

Organic Molecules

Also known as hydrocarbons

Organic Molecules

Compounds that contain the elements: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) with a simple C-H bond in them

Methane (CH4) with 5 atoms (highly flammable)

Simplest organic compound

Inorganic Molecules

- Do not contain carbon and hydrogen; thus, lack C-H bonds
- Simple and is obtained from natural processes

Carbohydrates

- the starches and sugars present in foods
- fast but short-term source of energy

Monosaccharide (simple sugar)

Monomer of Carbs

Glycosidic bond

Bond in Carbs

1:2:1 proportion

CHO proportion in carbohydrates

Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide

Types of Carbohydrates:

Monosaccharide

- Molecular Formula: CH2O
- Simplest sugar
- Usually contains five to six carbon atoms

Examples of Monosaccharide

glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharide

Formed by linking two monosaccharides together through dehydration synthesis

Examples of Disaccharide

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Sucrose

- Table sugar
- Used by plants to fuel growth

Sucrose

Glucose + Fructose

Lactose

- Milk sugar (dairy)
- Milk of cows, goats, and lactating women

Lactose

Glucose + Galactose

Maltose

- Grain sugar
- Fermentation of beers and energy in sprouting seed

Maltose

Glucose + Glucose

Polysaccharide

Long chains of glucose that differ only by orientation of the bonds that link the monomer.

Examples of Polysaccharides

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin

Starch

- Also known as amylose
- Stored form of glucose in plants
- Source: Potato, pasta, cereal, cassava

Glycogen

- Stored form of glucose in animals
- Source: liver and muscles

Cellulose

- Most common organic compound in nature
- Found in the cell walls of plant

Ruminant

Animals that chew their cud like horses and cows. Have a four-chambered stomach to break down cellulose with cellulase.

Chitin

- Second most common polysaccharide
- Source: cell wall of fungi and flexible exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans.
- Used in the manufacture of surgical thread

Monomer of Lipids

Glycerol and fatty acid

Bond in lipids

Ester Bond

Lipids

- Do not dissolve in water but can be dissolved in non-polar solvents
- Hydrophobic (It contain long chains of non-polar carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds)

Types of Lipids

Triglyceride, Phospholipids, and Steroids

Triglyceride

Commonly known as "fat molecule"

Triglyceride's backbone

three long hydrocarbon chain attached to a carboxyl group called fatty acids bonded to glycerol

Glycerol

A three-carbon alcohol that contains three hydroxyl (OH) groups

The degree of saturation of triglyceride is determined by the

hydrogen content of a fatty acid

Saturated, Unsaturated, Polyunsaturated

Three degree of saturation of triglyceride

Saturated fats

Single bonds connect all carbons and each carbon has two hydrogens

Saturated fats

- Straight and tightly packed against each other
- Solid at room temperature
- Comes from animal fats like bacon and butter

Unsaturated Fats

- Liquid in room temperature
- Primarily from plants like corn, olive, coconut, and palm-kernel

Monounsaturated Acid (Oleic)

One double bond in a fatty acid

Polyunsaturated Acid (Linoleic)

Multiple bonds in a fatty acid

Partial Hydrogenation

Done by attaching hydrogen atoms onto the carbons that makes it chemically look and taste like saturated fats

Trans fat

Unsaturated fats whose fatty acid tails are straight

Phospholipids

Have two fatty acid tails and a modified phosphate group that occupies the third carbon of the glycerol backbone

Steroids

- Have four interconnected or fused carbon rings
- Soluble in non-polar solvents

Cholesterol

A common steroid present in animal sources such as meat, fish, eggs, and liver

Monomer of Nucleic Acid

Nucleotide

Bond in Nucleic Acid

Phosphodiester Bond

Five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
Phosphate
Nitrogen base

Each nucleotide is made up of a nucleotide monomer consisting of three components:

Purines

- Double-ring
- Ex. Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

Pyrimidine

- Single-ring
- Ex. Cytosine ©, Thymine (T), and Uracil (U)

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

- Carries or store the genetic information in all organisms
- Blueprint of traits e.g. eye color, height, or even diseases

[Eukaryotes] : Nucleus, Mitochondria, and Chloroplast

Location [Prokaryotes]: Specialized region in the cytoplasm called nucleoid

Location of DNA

Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)

Nitrogenous Bases of DNA

DNA

- Double helix that resembles a spiral staircase
- 5' to 3' direction

Antiparallel Orientation

- Necessary for DNA Copying
- The 5' end of one strand is connected to the 3' end of its corresponding strand

Ribonucleic Acid

Involved in the synthesis of protein, regulation of genes, and also a carrier of genetic information in some viruses

[Eukaryote] - Nucleus
[Prokaryotes] - Cytoplasm

Location of RNA

Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)

Nitrogenous Bases of DNA

DNA

- Double helix that resembles a spiral staircase
- 5' to 3' direction

Ribonucleic Acid

Involved in the synthesis of protein, regulation of genes, and also a carrier of genetic information in some viruses

Nitrogenous Bases of DNA

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

Partial Hydrogenation

Done by attaching hydrogen atoms onto the carbons that makes it chemically look and taste like saturated fats

Adenine - Uracil (A-U)
Cytosine - Guanine (C-G)

Nitrogenous pairing in RNA

mRNA

- Messenger RNA
- Intermediate between a protein-coding gene and its protein product

mRNA

Makes a copy of the DNA sequence of the gene in the process of transcription

rRNA

- Ribosomal RNA
- Major component of ribosomes

rRNA

Helps bind mRNA in the right place so that it can read out its sequence information

tRNA

- Transfer RNA
- Responsible for choosing the right amino acid to carry with a cell to the ribosome

tRNA

After receiving the correct amino acid from tRNA, the the ribosome will make the proper protein our body needs in the process of translation

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

RNA nucleotide with an adenine base and 3 phosphate group and a ribose sugar.

Amino Acid

Monomer of Protein

Peptide Nonds

Bond in Protein

PROTEINS

Composed of elements: C, H, O, and N

Roles of Protein

Building as tissues
Acting as enzymes
Aiding the immune system
Serves as hormones

7 function of protein

Enzyme Catalysts
Defense
Transport
Support
Motion
Regulation
Storage

Central carbon
Amine Group
Carboxyl Group
R group

Amino Acids contain:

R group

distinguish the amino acids from one another; hence, they have diverse chemical structures