Exam #3: Chapters 9-12; PSY 342

Field of Dependence

Tendency to rely on external cues for perception and decision-making.

Field of Independence

Ability to separate details from surrounding context and focus on specific elements.

Analytic Thinking

Focuses on objects and their attributes, using rules and logic to understand them.

Holistic Thinking

Focuses on context and relationships between elements.

Taxonomic Categorization

Grouping items based on shared properties.

Thematic Categorization

Grouping items based on relationships or context.

Dispositional Attribution

Explaining behavior by internal traits or personality.

Situational Attribution

Explaining behavior by external circumstances.

Fundamental Attribution Error

Tendency to overemphasize dispositional factors and underestimate situational ones.

High Context Culture

Relies heavily on implicit communication, shared experiences, and nonverbal cues.

Low Context Culture

Relies on explicit, direct communication where everything is spelled out.

Language and Thought

The idea that language influences how we think and what we pay attention to.

Language and Perception

How language shapes how we perceive the world, including colors, time, and space.

Saccades

Rapid eye movements during visual scanning.

Naive Dialecticism

Acceptance of contradiction and change in beliefs.

Whorfian Hypothesis of Linguistic Relativity

The idea that language shapes thought and perception.

Categorical Perception

Tendency to perceive stimuli as belonging to distinct categories.

James-Lange theory of emotions

Emotions result from physiological reactions to events.

Two-factor theory of emotions

Emotion arises from physical arousal plus cognitive interpretation of that arousal.

Universal emotions

Basic emotions recognized across all cultures.

Display rules

Cultural norms that dictate how, when, and where emotions should be expressed.

Ritualized displays of emotion

Culturally specific expressions of emotion that don’t occur universally.

Emotional smoothness

Emphasizes moderation and emotional balance to preserve harmony.

Subjective well-being

A person’s perceived happiness or life satisfaction.

Predictors of subjective well-being

Factors that influence happiness in different cultures.

Ideal Affect

The emotional states a culture values and promotes.

Propinquity

Physical or psychological closeness increases the chance of forming relationships.

Mere exposure

The more we are exposed to something or someone, the more we tend to like it.

Similarity-attraction

We tend to be attracted to people who are similar to us.

Communal sharing

Relationships where people treat each other as equals and share resources freely.

Authority ranking

Relationships organized in a hierarchy based on respect and obedience.

Equality matching

Relationships focused on balance and equal give-and-take.

High relational mobility

Social environments where people can freely form and leave relationships.

Low relational mobility

Social environments where relationships are stable and hard to change.

Market Pricing

Relationships based on proportional exchange, costs, and benefits.

Simpático

A cultural script emphasizing kindness, politeness, and social harmony in relationships.

Secularization Theory

As societies become more modern, religious influence declines.

Preconventional Moral Reasoning

Moral decisions based on personal consequences.

Conventional Moral Reasoning

Moral decisions based on societal rules and social approval.

Postconventional Moral Reasoning

Moral decisions based on abstract principles.

Ethic of Autonomy

Morality focused on individual rights, freedom, and justice.

Ethic of Community

Morality based on duties, roles, and loyalty to one's group.

Ethic of Divinity

Morality grounded in religious or spiritual beliefs.

Orthodox

Value tradition, fixed moral codes, and authority.

Progressive

Value change, personal experience, and reinterpretation of traditions.

Avoiding Harm

Core moral concern with preventing suffering or injury to others.

Protecting Fairness

Concern with justice, rights, and equal treatment.

Loyalty to Ingroups

Valuing commitment, support, and duty to one’s group.

Respecting Authority

Upholding social order and obeying tradition or hierarchy.

Achieving Purity

Concern with spiritual or physical cleanliness.

Calling

Belief that one has a spiritual or moral duty to fulfill a specific role.