Repro Lab Practical #1

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Neuroscience

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1
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What is the main structural difference observed in cow and mare ovaries? Explain.
Relative location of the cortex vs. the medulla:

* In cow, cortex is on outside and in mare cortex in on inside.
* Mare must ovulate through the ovulation fossa whereas cows can ovulate over the whole surface of the ovary.
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How are boars housed at the Swine Educational Unit, and why are they managed this way?
Boars are housed **individually** or in **group** **pens**, depending on their **age** and **whether they display aggressive behavior** towards the other boars
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A piece of gauze was placed on top of the collection cup prior to semen collection. What is the purpose of the gauze?
To collect the gel fraction of the ejaculate/prevents the gel fraction from entering the semen collection cup
4
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At what age will the NCSU Swine Educational Unit start to use a boar’s semen for breeding?
When the boar is 8 months of age
5
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Which type of gloves were preferred during semen collection in boars? Why that type?
Vinyl gloves - reduce the chance of killing sperm cells
6
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What prevents boars from being collected using an artificial vagina?
To ejaculate, boars require pressure in addition to the proper temperature. The amount of pressure on the boars glans penis can not be achieved with an artificial vagina, thus we collect via a gloved hand.
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Identify the following acronyms:

a. GnRH

b. LH

c. E2

d. P4

e. PGF2a
a. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

b. Luteinizing Hormone

c. Estrogen or Estradiol

d. Progesterone

e. Prostaglandin F2alpha
8
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Provide the Brand Name of the hormone or chemical you would use in the following scenario:

Inducing puberty in prepubertal gilts
PG-600 or Matrix
9
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Provide the Brand Name of the hormone or chemical you would use in the following scenario:

Superovulating embryo transfer donors in cattle
FSH-P, Super-OV, FollitropinV
10
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Provide the Brand Name of the hormone or chemical you would use in the following scenario:

Controlling out-of-season or early-season breeding in mares
Regumate
11
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Provide the Brand Name of the hormone or chemical you would use in the following scenario:

inducing luteolysis regression in cattle
Lutalyse, Prostamate
12
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Provide the Brand Name of the hormone or chemical you would use in the following scenario:

increasing intensity of uterine contractions during labor
Oxytocin, Pinocin
13
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Provide the Brand Name of the hormone or chemical you would use in the following scenario:

treating ovarian cystic follicles in cattle
Cystorelin, Feragyl, Facteral
14
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Provide the Brand Name of the hormone or chemical you would use in the following scenario:

Blocking ovarian function in cattle
CIDR, MGA, Progesterone
15
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Provide the Brand Name of the hormone or chemical you would use in the following scenario:

Increasing milk yield
Posilac
16
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How would you interpret the results of weekly progesterone assays with following profile? (L=low, M=medium, H=high)

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L-H-H
Ovulated approximately 14 days ago, retest in 7 days to determine pregnant or open
17
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How would you interpret the results of weekly progesterone assays with following profile? (L=low, M=medium, H=high)

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M-L-H
had subfunctional CL, it regressed & ovulated in past 7 days
18
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How would you interpret the results of weekly progesterone assays with following profile? (L=low, M=medium, H=high)

\
L-L-L
Anestrous, non-functioning ovary, not ovulating
19
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How would you interpret the results of weekly progesterone assays with following profile? (L=low, M=medium, H=high)

\
H-H-H
Anestrous, but pregnant
20
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How would you interpret the results of weekly progesterone assays with following profile? (L=low, M=medium, H=high)

\
L-M-L
Ovulated, but had a subfunctional CL and it regressed
21
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How would you interpret the results of weekly progesterone assays with following profile? (L=low, M=medium, H=high)

\
L-L-H
Recently ovulated in past 7 days
22
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What other body fluids could be used for monitoring hormones?
Milk, Urine, Salvia, CNS fluid, Feces, Blood, Sweat
23
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What are the advantages of using this type of kit to determine when to breed your cows?
Determine cyclic animals, Identify short cycles, better management of animals estrous cycle
24
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What are the disadvantages of using this type of kit to determine when to breed your cows?
Cost, Time, inconsistent testing, may claim an animal is pregnant when she is not (false positives)
25
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Draw a graph that illustrates the bovine estrous cycle. Make sure you include the following hormones: progesterone, estrogen, and PGF2α.
knowt flashcard image
26
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What are the two exogenous reproductive hormones used in the NC Synch protocol.
* Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (Factrel)


* Prostaglandin F2a (Lutalyse)
27
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What is the length of the goat estrous cycle, and when do these animals generally display estrus?
Estrous Cycle Length – 21 days

Seasonal Breeders – display estrus in Fall
28
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What are two signs/symptoms that a doe is in estrus?
* Interest in buck
* Raised tail
* Vocalizations
* Red/swollen vulva
* Sometimes mucus from the vagina is present
29
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What is the site of semen deposition by AI and natural service in the doe?
AI – Uterine Body

Natural Service - Vagina
30
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What are the advantages of using artificial insemination in small ruminants?
\
* Introduce new genetics
* Introduce new breeds
* Small herd and don’t want to mess with a buck
31
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What are the disadvantages of using artificial insemination in small ruminants?
* Requires more labor
* More invasive
* Requires more equipment
32
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What is the flushing effect?
Increase the amount of feed prior to breeding, mostly increasing energy, about 1 month before introducing bucks.

* Hope to increase body weight, ovulation rate, and therefore litter size
33
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What are the restrictions in place when using the flush effect? When will it work/not work?
* Must continue through breeding season and for 30-40 more days.
* Doesn’t work in does that are too fat (BCS 4-5) or too thin (BCS 2 or less)
34
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What is the “buck effect”?
Strategic exposure of does to intact males will result in the doe displaying estrus approximately 7 to 10 days after the introduction of the buck.
35
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What are the restrictions in place when using the buck effect? Where does the buck need to be?
* Bucks need to be isolated from does for this procedure to be effective.
* Buck must be out of the doe’s line of sight and sense of smell for an extended period of time, perhaps as long as several months
36
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What is the purpose of conducting a breeding soundness exam (BSE) on bulls?
The purpose is to identify bulls that are capable of breeding and to identify individuals that may be injured and unable to breed females.
37
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How often should a BSE exam be done?
A BSE should be conducted 30 to 60 days before very breeding season.
38
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What is the main purpose of collecting heifer pelvic measurements?
Screening tool to identify heifers likely to have calving difficulties
39
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What is the minimum scrotal circumstance size a yearling bull must have to pass its breeding soundness exam at the Beef Educational Unit?
32 cm
40
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Name at least 1 factor that a breeding soundness exam in bulls doesn’t test for.
Libidio
41
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What is the name of the tool used to take heifer pelvic measurements?
Pelvimeter
42
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What is a good male-to-female ratio for the average bull?
For young bulls a ratio of 1 bull to 12 females.

For mature bulls a ratio of 1 bull to 36 females
43
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Number of females should equal the number of months old the bull is.
Assuming they are in good health and pass the BSE
44
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How do you calculate the measurement for the total heifer pelvic area?
Multiply the measurement for the height by the width measurement, this gives the square area (cm^2)
45
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When is the best time to take hiefer pelvic measurements? What is the minimum pelvic measurement that is recommended?
It is recommended to do this 4-6 weeks before breeding season. No less than 140 cm^2
46
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Should heifer pelvic measurements be used as a screening tool or a selection tool?
A screening tool - If you use it as a selection tool you will simply be picking your larger framed animals. Ideally, you should identify the animals with abnormally small pelvic measurements and cull them.
47
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Describe the the estrous scale used at the Equine Educational Unit. Be sure to inclde what each number represents
0 = Violent Behavior

1 = Indifferent Behavior

2 = Slightly Interested

3 = Interested, Winking, may urinate

4 = Greatly interested, Urinating, Squatting, and will lean into stallion
48
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How often should you tease mares to determine when they are ready to breed?
Everyday or every other day
49
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Mares are classified as what type of breeders and when do they display estrus?
Long day breeder, only display estrus when daylight is increasing
50
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How many progressively motile sperm should be in an on the farm breeding dose?
500 Million
51
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How many progressively motile sperm should be in a shipping dose?
1 Billion
52
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Name 2 things that we look for in a semen evaluation.
Color and Volume of the ejaculate

Sperm Concentration

Sperm Motility

Sperm Viability

Sperm Morphology
53
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What kills sperm?
Everything kills sperm
54
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What type of artifical vagina is used at the Equine Educational Unit and why is this type prefered?
Used to use the Colorado as it maintains temperature and pressure better; have now switched to the Missouri as it is **lighter**
55
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Free teasing
Stallion comes up to fence, mares are loose OR stallion in a small pen, mares are loose in pasture around him
56
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In hand teasing
Stallion comes up to fence, mares are walked up individually
57
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Stall Teasing
stallion walked up down barn aisle, mares are in stalls
58
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Cystorelin, Fertagyl, Factrel Hormone + Structure
GnRH (peptide)
59
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Cystorelin, Fertagyl, Factrel Use
Treatment of Cystic Ovaries, stimulate LH and FSH
60
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Cystorelin, Fertagyl, Factrel Species
Cattle (dairy)
61
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Oxytocin Use
Stimulates Milk letdown, Stimulates uterine contractions
62
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Oxytocin Species
ALL - Cattle, Horses, Swine, Sheep, Dogs
63
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Lutalyse, Prostamate Hormone/Structure
Prostaglandins (PGF2a)
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Lutalyse, Prostamate Use
Regress CL to control the onset of estrus, induce parturition
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Lutalyse, Prostamate Species
Cattle, Horses, Swine
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pLH Hormone/Structure
Gonadotropins (LH) - protein
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pLH use
Induction of ovulation
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pLH Species
ALL
69
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Follutein, Pregnyl Hormone/Structure
Gonadotropins (hCG) - protein
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Follutein, Pregnyl Use
Treatment of Cystic Ovaries, Induce ovulation
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Follutein, Pregnyl Species
Cattle
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FSH-p, Folltropin-V, Super-OV Hormone/Structure
Gonadotropins (FSH) - protein
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FSH-p, Folltropin-V, Super-OV Use
Superovulation of embryo donors
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FSH-p, Folltropin-V, Super-OV Species
Cattle, Horses, Swine, Sheep, Dogs
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Gestyl Hormone/Structure
Gonadotropins (PMSG) - protein
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Gestyl Use
Superovulation, stimulatation of estrus during anestrous
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Gestyl Species
Cattle
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P.G. 600 Hormone/Structure
Gonadotropins (PMSG+hCG) - protein
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P.G. 600 Use
Induction of estrus in anestrous gilts and sows
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P.G. 600 Species
Swine
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Posilac Hormone/Structure
Somatotropin (bGH or bST) - protein
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Posilac Use
Increase milk production
83
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Posilac Species
Cattle
84
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Regumate Hormone/Structure
Progestogens (Progesterone) - steroid
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Regumate Use
Synchronize estrus in mares or cyclic pigs, suppress foal heat
86
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Regumate Species
Swine, horses
87
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Melengesterol Acetate Hormone/Structure
Progestogens (Progesterone) - steroid
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Melengesterol Acetate Use
Suppress or Synchronize heat
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Melengesterol Acetate Species
Cattle
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Megestrol Acetate (Ovaban) Hormone/Structure
Progestogens (Progesterone) - steroid
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Megestrol Acetate (Ovaban) Use
Prevention of estrus
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Megestrol Acetate (Ovaban) Species
Dogs, Cats
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Depo-Provera Hormone/Structure
Progestogens (Progesterone) - steroid
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Depo-Provera Use
Prevention of estrus
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Depo-Provera Species
Dogs, cats
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Fluorogesterone Acetate Sponges Hormone/Structure
Progestogens (Progesterone) - steroid
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Fluorogesterone Acetate Sponges Use
Synchronize estrus
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Fluorogesterone Acetate Sponges Species
sheep/goats
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CIDR Hormone/Structure
Progestogens (Progesterone) - steroid
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CIDR Use
Synchronize estrus