What is the main structural difference observed in cow and mare ovaries? Explain.
Relative location of the cortex vs. the medulla:
* In cow, cortex is on outside and in mare cortex in on inside. * Mare must ovulate through the ovulation fossa whereas cows can ovulate over the whole surface of the ovary.
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How are boars housed at the Swine Educational Unit, and why are they managed this way?
Boars are housed **individually** or in **group** **pens**, depending on their **age** and **whether they display aggressive behavior** towards the other boars
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A piece of gauze was placed on top of the collection cup prior to semen collection. What is the purpose of the gauze?
To collect the gel fraction of the ejaculate/prevents the gel fraction from entering the semen collection cup
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At what age will the NCSU Swine Educational Unit start to use a boar’s semen for breeding?
When the boar is 8 months of age
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Which type of gloves were preferred during semen collection in boars? Why that type?
Vinyl gloves - reduce the chance of killing sperm cells
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What prevents boars from being collected using an artificial vagina?
To ejaculate, boars require pressure in addition to the proper temperature. The amount of pressure on the boars glans penis can not be achieved with an artificial vagina, thus we collect via a gloved hand.
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Identify the following acronyms:
a. GnRH
b. LH
c. E2
d. P4
e. PGF2a
a. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
b. Luteinizing Hormone
c. Estrogen or Estradiol
d. Progesterone
e. Prostaglandin F2alpha
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Provide the Brand Name of the hormone or chemical you would use in the following scenario:
Inducing puberty in prepubertal gilts
PG-600 or Matrix
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Provide the Brand Name of the hormone or chemical you would use in the following scenario:
Superovulating embryo transfer donors in cattle
FSH-P, Super-OV, FollitropinV
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Provide the Brand Name of the hormone or chemical you would use in the following scenario:
Controlling out-of-season or early-season breeding in mares
Regumate
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Provide the Brand Name of the hormone or chemical you would use in the following scenario:
inducing luteolysis regression in cattle
Lutalyse, Prostamate
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Provide the Brand Name of the hormone or chemical you would use in the following scenario:
increasing intensity of uterine contractions during labor
Oxytocin, Pinocin
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Provide the Brand Name of the hormone or chemical you would use in the following scenario:
treating ovarian cystic follicles in cattle
Cystorelin, Feragyl, Facteral
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Provide the Brand Name of the hormone or chemical you would use in the following scenario:
Blocking ovarian function in cattle
CIDR, MGA, Progesterone
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Provide the Brand Name of the hormone or chemical you would use in the following scenario:
Increasing milk yield
Posilac
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How would you interpret the results of weekly progesterone assays with following profile? (L=low, M=medium, H=high)
\ L-H-H
Ovulated approximately 14 days ago, retest in 7 days to determine pregnant or open
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How would you interpret the results of weekly progesterone assays with following profile? (L=low, M=medium, H=high)
\ M-L-H
had subfunctional CL, it regressed & ovulated in past 7 days
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How would you interpret the results of weekly progesterone assays with following profile? (L=low, M=medium, H=high)
\ L-L-L
Anestrous, non-functioning ovary, not ovulating
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How would you interpret the results of weekly progesterone assays with following profile? (L=low, M=medium, H=high)
\ H-H-H
Anestrous, but pregnant
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How would you interpret the results of weekly progesterone assays with following profile? (L=low, M=medium, H=high)
\ L-M-L
Ovulated, but had a subfunctional CL and it regressed
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How would you interpret the results of weekly progesterone assays with following profile? (L=low, M=medium, H=high)
\ L-L-H
Recently ovulated in past 7 days
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What other body fluids could be used for monitoring hormones?
What are the advantages of using this type of kit to determine when to breed your cows?
Determine cyclic animals, Identify short cycles, better management of animals estrous cycle
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What are the disadvantages of using this type of kit to determine when to breed your cows?
Cost, Time, inconsistent testing, may claim an animal is pregnant when she is not (false positives)
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Draw a graph that illustrates the bovine estrous cycle. Make sure you include the following hormones: progesterone, estrogen, and PGF2α.
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What are the two exogenous reproductive hormones used in the NC Synch protocol.
* Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (Factrel)
* Prostaglandin F2a (Lutalyse)
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What is the length of the goat estrous cycle, and when do these animals generally display estrus?
Estrous Cycle Length – 21 days
Seasonal Breeders – display estrus in Fall
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What are two signs/symptoms that a doe is in estrus?
* Interest in buck * Raised tail * Vocalizations * Red/swollen vulva * Sometimes mucus from the vagina is present
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What is the site of semen deposition by AI and natural service in the doe?
AI – Uterine Body
Natural Service - Vagina
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What are the advantages of using artificial insemination in small ruminants?
\ * Introduce new genetics * Introduce new breeds * Small herd and don’t want to mess with a buck
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What are the disadvantages of using artificial insemination in small ruminants?
* Requires more labor * More invasive * Requires more equipment
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What is the flushing effect?
Increase the amount of feed prior to breeding, mostly increasing energy, about 1 month before introducing bucks.
* Hope to increase body weight, ovulation rate, and therefore litter size
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What are the restrictions in place when using the flush effect? When will it work/not work?
* Must continue through breeding season and for 30-40 more days. * Doesn’t work in does that are too fat (BCS 4-5) or too thin (BCS 2 or less)
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What is the “buck effect”?
Strategic exposure of does to intact males will result in the doe displaying estrus approximately 7 to 10 days after the introduction of the buck.
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What are the restrictions in place when using the buck effect? Where does the buck need to be?
* Bucks need to be isolated from does for this procedure to be effective. * Buck must be out of the doe’s line of sight and sense of smell for an extended period of time, perhaps as long as several months
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What is the purpose of conducting a breeding soundness exam (BSE) on bulls?
The purpose is to identify bulls that are capable of breeding and to identify individuals that may be injured and unable to breed females.
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How often should a BSE exam be done?
A BSE should be conducted 30 to 60 days before very breeding season.
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What is the main purpose of collecting heifer pelvic measurements?
Screening tool to identify heifers likely to have calving difficulties
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What is the minimum scrotal circumstance size a yearling bull must have to pass its breeding soundness exam at the Beef Educational Unit?
32 cm
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Name at least 1 factor that a breeding soundness exam in bulls doesn’t test for.
Libidio
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What is the name of the tool used to take heifer pelvic measurements?
Pelvimeter
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What is a good male-to-female ratio for the average bull?
For young bulls a ratio of 1 bull to 12 females.
For mature bulls a ratio of 1 bull to 36 females
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Number of females should equal the number of months old the bull is.
Assuming they are in good health and pass the BSE
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How do you calculate the measurement for the total heifer pelvic area?
Multiply the measurement for the height by the width measurement, this gives the square area (cm^2)
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When is the best time to take hiefer pelvic measurements? What is the minimum pelvic measurement that is recommended?
It is recommended to do this 4-6 weeks before breeding season. No less than 140 cm^2
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Should heifer pelvic measurements be used as a screening tool or a selection tool?
A screening tool - If you use it as a selection tool you will simply be picking your larger framed animals. Ideally, you should identify the animals with abnormally small pelvic measurements and cull them.
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Describe the the estrous scale used at the Equine Educational Unit. Be sure to inclde what each number represents
0 = Violent Behavior
1 = Indifferent Behavior
2 = Slightly Interested
3 = Interested, Winking, may urinate
4 = Greatly interested, Urinating, Squatting, and will lean into stallion
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How often should you tease mares to determine when they are ready to breed?
Everyday or every other day
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Mares are classified as what type of breeders and when do they display estrus?
Long day breeder, only display estrus when daylight is increasing
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How many progressively motile sperm should be in an on the farm breeding dose?
500 Million
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How many progressively motile sperm should be in a shipping dose?
1 Billion
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Name 2 things that we look for in a semen evaluation.
Color and Volume of the ejaculate
Sperm Concentration
Sperm Motility
Sperm Viability
Sperm Morphology
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What kills sperm?
Everything kills sperm
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What type of artifical vagina is used at the Equine Educational Unit and why is this type prefered?
Used to use the Colorado as it maintains temperature and pressure better; have now switched to the Missouri as it is **lighter**
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Free teasing
Stallion comes up to fence, mares are loose OR stallion in a small pen, mares are loose in pasture around him
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In hand teasing
Stallion comes up to fence, mares are walked up individually
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Stall Teasing
stallion walked up down barn aisle, mares are in stalls