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What is Immune system?
body’s defense against foreign substances
Definition of Antigen
Something foreign that triggers immune system response
(Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa, Parasites)
The immune system consists of:
Skin and mucosal tissues
Bone Marrow
Thymus
Bloodstream
Lymphatic system
Spleen
Skin and mucosal tissues Definition
Entry point for pathogens, immune tissue located here, antimicrobial proteins produced
What is Bone Marrow?
contains stem cells that can develop into a variety of cell types (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, Natural Killer cells, B and T cells)
What is Thymus?
T cells mature here
Definition of Bloodstream
circulates immune cells
What is Lymphatic system?
Network of vessels and tissues composed of lymph, extracellular fluid, and lymph nodes, where immune cells sample information brought in from the body
Part of the inflammation system
What is Spleen?
Part of the lymphatic system, important for processing information from the bloodstream, removes debris and dead cells from the blood
What are the functions of the immune system?
Function of the immune system is to prevent or limit infection.
It is important that the immune system distinguish between cells that are self and non-self.
If the immune system can not respond quickly enough or fully, then an infection can take hold.
Sometimes the immune system will respond to ‘false alarms’ allowing for allergic reactions and autoimmune disease.
What are Three Layers of Immunity?
Skin
Cell mediated
Production of Antibodies
Happens at the same time.
Is Red Blood cells and White blood cells part of Immunity System?
Red Blood cells is not part of Immunity system but White Blood cells does.
How does skin provides immunity?
Provides a physical and chemical barrier (contains antimicrobial proteins, immune cells, pH, saliva, tears, stomach acid, shedding dead cells may eliminate pathogens)
How does cell mediated provides immunity?
Nonspecific response
How does Production of Antibodies provides immunity?
Specifically created in response to an infection
Large protein molecules that bind to antigens making them harmless
What are in Cell Mediated system: WBCs?
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
What is Neutrophils?
1st responder, phagocytize and digest pathogens eat pathogens
What is Monocytes?
turn into macrophages which leave the blood vessels and eat pathogens. chemokine production sends distress signal
What is Eosinophils?
attack parasites
What is Basophils?
contain histamine and help with allergies
What is Lymphocytes?
produce antibodies & are slower to react
What are three major types of lymphocytes?
T- Cells
B- Cells
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
What are T cells?
from Thymus, responsible for cellular immunity
What are B cells?
responsible for humoral immunity and production of antibodies (upon second encounter)
What are Natural Killer (NK) Cells?
NK cells play a major role in defending the host from both tumors or virally infected cells
Prevents Cancer
What is Primary Immunization?
Boosters and/or first shots for dogs.
When do you vaccinate pregnant Dogs?
Pregnant dogs needs to be vaccinate before gestation/breeding
What are the Antibodies?
MDA
IgM
IgG
sLgA
What is MDA?
maternally derived antibody (Mother’s Milk has antibodies)
What is IgM
immunoglobulin M -a class of antibody generally short lived and associated with early infection and initial vaccination (First Vaccines)
What is IgG?
immunoglobulin G - a class of humoral antibody; most common type associated with immune response to parenteral vaccine; also the most common class of antibody measured as serum titers
What is sIgA?
secretory immunoglobulin A-a class of antibody, most commonly associated with a local (mucosal)immune response after IN vaccination
For the nose- Kennel Cough
Might prevent Infection
How do vaccines work?
Vaccines prevents diseases not infection
Vaccines work by presenting an inactivated disease particle to the immune system so that, when it encounters the particle again, it can mount an immune response and prevent or limit widespread disease
Vaccination achieves immune memory without having actual infection
If your immune response is strong enough, it will kill the invading organism and you will not know that you have been infected or your illness will be mild
What are the ways that Vaccines can be made?
Killed Antigen
MLV Modified live
Recombinant
Bacterin/Toxoid
How are Killed Antigen Vaccine Made?
inactivated vaccine antigen (viral or bacterial)
Safer vaccine to administer
How are MLV Modified live Vaccine made?
(attenuated) contain a small quantity of virus or bacteria that has been altered so that it no longer is capable of causing clinical disease but is still capable of infection and multiplying in the animal
Better Vaccine to administer
How are Recombinant Vaccine made?
small piece of DNA is taken from the virus or bacterium against which we want to protect and inserted into the manufacturing cells.
How are Bacterin/Toxoid Vaccine made?
By using killed bacteria
What are the ways to do administrate a vaccine/shots?
SQ subcutaneous
IM intramuscular
IN intranasal or mucosal
What are the types of Vaccines?
Bb Bordetella bronchiseptica
CAV-1 canine adenovirus, type 1 (cause of canine viral hepatitis); protection from CAV-1 infection is provided by parenterally administered CAV-2 vaccine
CAV-2 canine adenovirus, type 2
CDV canine distemper virus
CIV canine influenza virus—H3N8
CPiV canine parainfluenza virus
CPV-2 canine parvovirus, type 2
MV measles virus
RV rabies virus
Which Vaccines are Core for Dogs?
Rabies
Distemper
Parvovirus
Adenovirus-2
Parainfluenza
Which Vaccines are Non-Core for Dogs?
Bordetella bronchiseptica + canine parainfluenza virus
Bordetella bronchiseptica only
Leptospira
Borrelia burgdorferi
Canine Influenza Virus-H3N8
Canine Influenza Virus-H3N2
Crotalus atrox (Western Diamondback Rattlesnake)
Borrelia burgdorferi (canine Lyme disease)
When do you do Core Vaccines for Dogs?
Administered every 3-4 weeks from 6-16 weeks
Booster in one year
Then not more often than every three years
RV depends on regulations
When do you do Non-Core Vaccines for Dogs?
Prior to exposure
Repeat as needed
Most need annual booster
How much do you give a vaccine for any dog?
The size and weight of the any breed not matter for vaccines.
What does Ataxia Mean?
a neurological disorder that causes problems with balance and coordination characterized by a swaying, staggering gait
What is Rabies?
Virus, Fatal
Zoonotic. Since vaccination(1960) the majority of cases are in wild animals
Usually carried by wild carnivores- skunks, raccoon, fox, bats in Montana
All mammals are susceptible to rabies
Usually spread by direct contact-saliva
Attacks the nervous system
Core vaccine- protocol regulated by state law.
12-20 weeks, booster in one year, thereafter every 3 years ( MT)
Rabies-Red-On Right
What are two forms of Rabies?
“furious” and “dumb”
The first symptoms are non-specific and flu like
Progresses to cerebral dysfunction, ataxia, paralysis, seizures, abnormal behavior, self mutilation, aggression
Animals that have rabies can not drink.
What is Distemper?
Viral, Highly contagious, Often fatal
Spread by direct contact with infected secretions or fomites
Virus is short lived in the environment
Affects G.I. Tract Respiratory tract and Nervous System
Mucoid eye discharge, then fever, nasal discharge, cough, inappetence, vomiting and diarrhea.
Once it gets to the nervous system, dogs show circling, head tilt, muscle tremors, chewing gum seizures – myoclonus, grand mal, seizures, paralysis
Immunity after natural infection is lifelong, vaccination provides short-term immunity
Use Human Measles Vaccines for young puppies
Dogs surviving often show a thickening and hardening of the footpads and enamel loss of the teeth
Treatment = none, nursing care provided, prevention of secondary infection
Canine distemper also found in wildlife – wolves!
If they live after distemper, they are immune.
Have a hard nose after surviving it
What is Nursing Care?
Giving them Fluids
What is Secretion?
Respiratory (Eye, nasal, cough, vomiting)
What is Excretion?
Feces & Urine
What are the info about Measles Vaccine?
Attenuated Measles Vaccine is a heterologous, single-dose (do not booster) vaccine for administration to young dogs (not less than 6 wk of age and not older than 12 wk of age) as a means of protecting young dogs (only) against canine distemper virus. The Measles vaccine must be administered by the intramuscular (IM) route.
What is ParvoVirus?
Known as “Bloody Diarrhea”
The virus that causes the disease known as “parvo”, canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV), first emerged among dogs in Europe around 1976. By 1978 the virus had spread unchecked, causing a worldwide epidemic
Mutated from feline panleukopenia virus (Cats)
Young puppies and unvaccinated dogs of any age
Affects G.I. tract- Vomiting and diarrhea, anorexia, increased/decreased temperature, lethargy, dehydration
Treatment- nursing care and prevention of secondary infection
With aggressive treatment 50/50 chance of survival.Without-80% mortality.
Transmitted by direct contact with infected dogs or indirect contact with contaminated surfaces
Fomites: bowls, kennels, collars, toys
The most resistant on all viruses 1-3 years in soil
Resistant to some disinfectants-bleach is effective.
What is Canine Adenovirus-2?
Hard to diagnosis
Infectious canine hepatitis caused by Adenovirus-1
Varies from no clinical signs to coagulation disorders and death
Spread through contact with infected urine/feces/saliva
Recovered dogs shed virus in their urine for >6 months
Starts with a high fever, then shows anorexia, serous eye discharge, petechia of the oral mucosa, subcutaneous edema of the head, neck, and thorax
Treatment- none, nursing care and prevention of secondary infection
Vaccination protects against both type 1 and 2.
Type 2 causes respiratory disease
What is petechia?
Dot bleeding in the mouth
What is Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease
Complex - CIRDC?
Aka- Kennel Cough
Infectious tracheobronchitis
Parainfluenza virus + Bordetella + Adenovirus 2
Stress and environmental factors!
Bordetella Non-core but often required for boarding
Recommended for times of high exposure-kennels
Honking cough with spit up
Shed in respiratory droplets for 2 weeks after symptoms have cleared
Protocol 2 doses then yearly.
Bordetella IN and Oral (Nose) more effective than SQ
Reverse Sneeze vs a cough
What is Leptospirosis?
Bacteria transmitted through ground water
Freezing – Thawing, & Drought kills it
4 serovars, 4-way vaccine
Causes kidney and/or liver disease
Not common in Montana
Vax where risk of exposure
Zoonotic – Flu like
Comes from Rats in Urban places or Farm Ponds
What are other Non core disease/Vaccines?
Lyme Disease
Rattlesnake Vaccine
Canine Influenza
What is Lyme Disease?
transmitted by ticks, vaccine available for dogs in high exposure
Vax if plan to travel to endemic area
2 doses, 2-4 w apart with 2nd dose 2-4 w before travel
Treatable with antibodies if caught early
What is Rattlesnake Vaccine?
for dogs in high exposure, not a preventative, just buys more time to get to snake bite treatment
Western Diamondback
Only use if defined risk
What is Canine Influenza?
H3N8/H3N2 –not highly pathogenic
The new one is H3N2, need to vax for both if indicate (not core vaccine though)
The H3N8 canine influenza virus represents a very rare event in adaptive evolution; mutated from H3N8 equine influenza virus was transferred to dogs, and the virus adapted to the canine species to emerge as a new canine-specific virus.
H3N2 canine influenza appeared limited to Korea, China and Thailand until March 2015, when an outbreak that started in the Chicago area was determined to be due to an H3N2 strain of an avian influenza virus.
The incubation period is usually two to four days from exposure to onset of clinical signs. The highest amounts of viral shedding occur during this time; therefore, dogs are most contagious during this 2-4 day incubation period when they are not exhibiting signs of illness.
What is Parental Vaccine?
SQ subcutaneous or IM intramuscular
Series of Vaccines
What is Dog Coronavirus?
Not Covid-19 from pandemic
Canine coronavirus (CCV) vaccination is not recommended on the grounds that infection:
(1) causes mild or subclinical disease,
(2) generally occurs in dogs 6 wk of age and younger, and
(3) is typically self-limiting.
What are the differences between Canine and Human Vision?
Humans are diurnal while dogs descended from wolves which are nocturnal
Dogs have less variable pupil sizes (3-4 mm) compared with human pupil variability (1-9 mm).
Dogs also have less sclera than humans.
What is Peripheral Vision?
Placement of eyes is more lateral in canines, allowing for 240-270 degree panoramic view compared to 180 degrees in humans
Dogs’ peripheral vision is better than ours due to a larger number of rods (3x)
Dogs have less stereoscopic/binocular vision (area in which eyes overlap)
What are the parts of the Eye?
Pupil
Lens
Cornea
Retina
What is Pupil?
opening in the center of the eye that allows light to pass through
What is Lens?
focuses light on the retina (adjustable)
What is Cornea?
focuses light on the retina (not adjustable)
Has no blood vessels in it
Prone to Infection
What is Retina in the eye?
back surface of the eye that is lined by photoreceptors
light from above strikes bottom and light from below strikes top
light from left strikes right side and vice versa
How does the Vison works?
The brain “sees,” not our eyes!
Dogs recognize things by moving
Light rays bounce off objects in all directions, but we see only those that strike the retina (we see because light strikes our eyes)
Visual receptors are specialized to absorb light and transduce (convert) it into an electrochemical pattern in the brain
Missing Red color in the vision
What the timeline of how Vision happens?
Light bounces off objects around us
light is refracted as it enters the cornea
through the pupil
through the lens, where refraction occurs again
light is focused onto the retina
retinal ganglion cells convert light to electrical signals (phototransduction)
signals are sent to the brain via the optic nerve
signals are sent through neural pathways to the visual cortex, which converts electrical signals to a picture
What are Photoreceptors are made out?
Rods and Cones
What are rods in the eyes?
Light
Periphery of retina
Sensitivity/Contrast/movement
night vision
What are Cones in the eyes?
Area centralis
acuity
color vision
Why do Dogs have better night and low-light vison better than humans?
Greater concentration of rods compared to humans
Tapetum lucidum (“carpet of light”) - reflective layer behind retina
What is Acuity?
sharpness or keenness of thought, vision, or hearing
What are the differences in humans and dogs for Acuity?
Dogs have worse acuity than humans because they do not have foveae (only primates have foveae)
Some dogs have an area centralis - broad central region with fewer receptors than foveae (varies by breed) while others have a visual streak
Dogs have 20/75 vision (6x less acute) compared to human 20/20 vision
Sight hounds (dolichocephalic breeds) have a “visual streak” (greater no. of retinal ganglion cells) on retina, giving wide field of vision (~270º)
Short-nosed (brachycephalic) dogs have centralized concentration of retinal cells, giving more detailed vision, but narrower field
Are Dogs Colorblind?
Not completely…dogs rely less on color than humans (dogs have 1/10th cones of humans)
Dogs are dichromats (only have two types of cones, one sensitive to bluish purple and one to greenish-yellow)
Dogs can pick out two colors: blue/violet and yellow, as well as shades of gray (green, yellow, orange, and red are not distinguishable)
Can My Dog See the Television?
Flicker-fusion rate - number of “snapshots” of world eyes take every second (60 cycles/s humans)
Films and digital tv must exceed this rate only slightly
Dogs have ffr at 70-80 cycles/s
Akinetopsia: normal vision as Human vision: dog vision
What is Lenticular (Nuclear) sclerosis?
Sclerosis means harden
age-related change in density of crystalline lens is common in older dogs
In the lens not cornea
What is Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA)?
genetic disease of the retina
PRA usually affects rods initially, and then cones in later stages of the disease
affected dogs are nightblind, later daytime vision also fails
What is Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA)?
defect in formation of the eye
single recessive gene
small percentage will have detached retinas and be blind
detection is important
What is CERF?
Canine Eye Registration Foundation
registers those dog's certified free of heritable eye disease by board certified Veterinary Ophthalmologists (A.C.V.O. ),
What is SARDS?
Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration Syndrome
One of the leading causes of incurable canine vision loss
Sudden blindness with polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria and recent weight gain
Cause is widespread loss of function of photoreceptors in the retina
Still unknown why
Seen predominately in middle-aged, spayed female, mixed breed dogs
Also seen in the following small breeds: Beagle, Bichon frise, Brittany spaniel, Cocker spaniel, Dachshund, Maltese, Miniature schnauzer, Pomeranian, and Pug
Drinks a lot and pees a lo
Not in pain just can’t see
What are the Structures of the ear?
Outer ear or pinna
Middle Ear
Inner Ear or cochlea
What is Outer ear or pinna?
cartilage attached to the side of the head that alters reflections and helps locate sounds
No data on size/shape of pinna influencing hearing
literally just two layer of skin together with blood vessels in between.
Does Cropping Ears affects the hearing?
No it does not.
Floppy ears does not affect the hearing either. (Floppy ears are actually “man-made”)
Presented as a style for dogs
What is an otoscope?
Its a tool to investigate a dog’s ear
What is Middle Ear?
The tympanic membrane/eardrum is a thin tissue that separates the external and inner ear
Membrane vibrates at the same frequency as incoming sound waves and causes three ossicles (tiny bones) to shift
Tympanic membrane varies by size of dog, but does not seem to lead to great variability in hearing (Heffner, 1983)
What is a Inner ear or Cochlea?
Vibration of ossicles on oval window, membrane leading to inner ear (cochlea)
Cilia or tiny hair-like structures (auditory receptors) lie between basilar and tectorial membranes
Vibrations in cochlea displace hair cells
hair cells sensitive to movement of 0.1 nm or more, opening ion channels
Hair cells excite cells of auditory nerve, changing sound impulses into electrical impulses
How does the Hearing Works?
Sound enters the ear and vibrates the TM
moves the hammer
moves the anvil
which moves the stapes
vibration moves perilymph in the Cochlea (or Semicircular canals) creating pressure changes causing a fluid wave
wave moves through the cochlear duct (or Semicircular canals)
7)The Cochlear duct is lined with a Basilar membrane, which contains stereocilia (Hair Cells). The fluid wave moves the Hair Cells , triggering nervous impulses in their neurons, which travel through the Vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain
How does Sound waves work for dogs?
Sound waves are periodic compressions of air molecules that create vibrations
we hear when the sound waves in air strike our ear
We can hear 64 to 23,000 hertz (Hz = cycles per second = # of repetitions of waveform that occur per second)…varies with age
Dogs can detect sounds from 67 to 45,000 hertz (ultrasonic or ultrasound)
How does the changes in Pitch affects the dog?
Dogs are able to detect changes in pitch, stress, and intonation (i.e., prosody) nearly as well as humans
This allows dogs to hear raised pitch of questions among English speakers (e.g., “Do you want a cookie?”)
Why do Dogs Bark?
Different forms of attention-getting (e.g., stranger, isolation, and play barks)
Human conversation is 60 db, while dog bark is 70-130 db!
Bark frequencies range from 10-2000 hertz, in range of speech
What are Alar folds?
Directs air in and & of nose
How does Olfaction works?
Enters & is sent to olfactory or respiratory tract
12-13% goes to the olfactory, the the remaining goes to the lungs.
Left nostril works with familiar, non-aversive orders
Right Nostril are first sniffs for novel, threatening, or arousing (adrenaline)
What is the order of how smell works?
Nose
Alar folds
Maxilloturbinates
Ethmtorbinates (where the sampling happens)
Epithelium (Where olfactory receptors are)
Olfactory bulb
Brain
What are the Impacts on Odor detection?
Sex (especially females)
Breed (size of the nose, willing to work)
Diseases
Environment
Age ( older = longer memory to remember smells)
Note
Flashcard