ATTR 425 EXAM 3

What is an outcome measure?

any characteristic measured to assess how a patient is progressing or feeling

what are performance measures?

typically measure for balance, memory, returning to normal function (ADL), strength
-in athletic training we use functional testing

what are the reliability scores

alpha scores for an OM would range from a 0.75-1 to support a reliable questionnaire

what is the definition of quantitative data?

involves objective data and numbers
-aims to answer a hypothesis in an unbiased manner
-compares effectiveness of new and old treatments
-categories or levels of measurement will affect statistical evaluation

what are the 4 categories of quantitative data

1. nominal
2. ordinal
3. interval
4. ratio

What is the nominal level of quantitative data?

WEAKEST and most basic level
-provides a name--> provides names to variables
-no order or rank
-no quantitative value

what is the ordinal level of quantitative data?

-uses labels
-has order
-value between labels is meaningless
you can see the data reveal rank but it does not say how far apart the data is from each other

what is the interval level of quantitative data?

-higher level of measurement
-provides labels
-has order
-value between the labels is consistent (the same)

what is the ratio data in quantitative data?

-highest level of data
-provides all of the information of nominal, ordinal, and interval
-has a zero that can be meaningful

what is parametric data

-falls within a normal distribution
-allows researchers to draw a conclusion mathematically; a normal distribution is symmetric around its mean

what quantitative levels are parametric?

interval and ratio levels

what are nonparametric quantitative data?

-not normally distributed
-presented as histograms, bar graphs, and pie charts

what quantitative data is considered non parametric ?

nominal and ordinal categories are considered this because they are not normally distributed

measures of central tendency

revolves around the median, mean, and mode
-these values cluster around the center of the normal distribution

what is the arithmetic mean?

-the average of all scores
-can be skewed by extreme scores

what is the median score

-falls in the middle of a distribution
-not as easily skewed by extreme scores

what is the mode?

the most commonly occurring value in the distribution of numeric data

what is the goal of quantitative research designs

establish relationship between measures of interest

what is descriptive data

-involves the assessment of correlational and evaluative data
-involves collecting data that are typically numeric to answer a question or describe the current status of the participants
-DOES NOT start with a hypothesis

what is an experimental research design

-controls for all other variables allowing the researcher to seek evidence about a particular intervention or treatment
-often thought to be the GOLD STANDARD of research methods
-includes random assignment

what is a representative sample?

- a subset of the entire population that would reflect that population
- is the sample sufficiently large enough to ensure it reflects all the ideas or items of interest in a population

what is stratified sampling

-requires the researcher to know the proportions of subgroups inside a population
-ensures equal representation from each subgroup in a population

what is systemic sampling

-not entirely random but can produce a representative sample
-involves establishing an interval and sampling every person in a population that falls along that interval

what is a regression

-used to predict the value of a dependent variable based on the known relations between the independent variables
-mathematically compares which independent value varied greatest with the dependent value

what is qualitative research?

uses words as data to determine meaning for humans within a specific context

what are the different types of qualitative research studies

ethnographic, grounded theory, phenomenological, case, biographic

what is an ethnography study?

-the study of an intact cultural or social group via prolonged observations in the field by the researcher with the intent of generating a cultural portrait
-months of being in the environment that is being studied, which is difficult to arrange at times in terms of access issues

what are grounded theory studies?

-through multiple interviews, the researcher generates a theory that explains some action, interaction, or process
-data reduction process generates multiple interrelated themes used to create substantive, context specific theory

what are phenomenology studies

-researcher spends time in the field to gather individual experiences from different vantage points to describe the meaning of the human experience with one phenomenon, topic or concept
-individual experiences are combined into a central meaning or the essence of the experience within that phenomenon
-LOOKING AT HOW PEOPLE FEEL

What is a case study

-researcher investigates a confined topic with an individual case or issue that is illustrated by one case
-the researcher then attempts to situate this case from the participant's perspective within the larger context or setting

what is a biographical study

the study of one individual and experiences as told to the researcher in person or via historical documents

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purposeful sampling

-specific to qualitative approaches
-researcher chooses participants purposefully based on their exposure to the topic, who will be able to lend meaning to the topic
-researcher bias is assumed and is normal

6 strategies to establishing trustworthiness

1. prolonged engagement in the field
2. peer review or external auditor
3. member checks (GOLD STANDARD)-> looking at participants and review the info to make sure it is valid and correct
4. triangulation is validation from more than 1 source
5. negative case analysis if the initial theory is changed
6. clarifying researcher bias is a must for each study

steps of the critical appraisal process

1. is the topic relevant to your question
2. was the research approach appropriate
3. was the sampling method clearly defined
4. was the data collection method defined
5. how were the data analyzed and was trustworthiness established
6. were biases stated and conclusions appropriate?

what is a representative sample

subset of the population that accurately represents the general population
-is the sample size sufficiently large enough to ensure that it reflects all the ideas or items of interest in a population

what is incidental sampling?

-sample from a population you have access to
-may not be truly random across the entire population which may effect the results
-commonly used due to logistical reasons

what is a quasi experimental study?

-attempts to establish a cause and effect between variables
-lacks random assignment
-IV not manipulated to change the DV
-fails to control for all variables

what is the mixed methods approach for research?

uses both qualitative and quantitative research

what is scientific misconduct?

when researchers fail to report their methods or results accurately. May complete something but misrepresent it in the reporting

what is plagiarism

the copying of another person's word without proving it to credit that person

beneficence

Doing good or causing good to be done; kindly action

Nonmaleficence

duty to do no harm

fidelity

faithfulness; loyalty

veracity

truthfulness, honesty

Confidentiality

the act of holding information in confidence, not to be released to unauthorized individuals

what is justice

researcher must treat all subjects equally and fairly