AP Euro: Chapter 2A

Plague/Black Death(30-50%)

Plague/Black Death(30-50%)

Asia to Europe most devastating natural disaster in European history bubonic by rats and fleas NOT pneumonic
- Arrived in Europe 1347 wipes out 30-50% of the European population

Middle/Dark Ages

A historical period in Europe from approximately the 5th to the late 15th century, characterized by the decline of the Roman Empire, feudalism, and the rise of the Catholic Church, often viewed as a time of cultural stagnation and social upheaval. This era is divided into the Early, High, and Late

Hundred Years War

A series of conflicts fought between England and France from 1337 to 1453(116), primarily over claims to the French throne and territorial disputes. This prolonged struggle saw significant battles, shifts in power, and the rise of national identities in both countries.

Joan of Arc

A peasant girl born in France who claimed to have received visions from saints, leading her to support Charles VII during the Hundred Years' War. She played a crucial role in lifting the siege of Orléans and was later captured, tried for heresy, and burned at the stake in 1431. She was canonized as a saint in 1920.

Joan of Arc was a key figure in the Hundred Years' War, known for her divine visions and leadership in battle.

Henry V (Battle of Agincourt)

Fought on October 25, this English victory against the French showcased the effectiveness of longbowmen and marked a turning point in the conflict. Despite being outnumbered, the English forces, led by their king, achieved a decisive win, boosting national pride and solidifying the king's reputation as a military leader.

“Band of Brothers” (Shakespeare)

Shakespeare's exploration of loyalty and camaraderie among soldiers. This term refers to a group of individuals united by shared experiences and struggles, often highlighting themes of brotherhood, sacrifice, and the moral complexities of war. It emphasizes the bonds formed in adversity and the impact of leader. ship on individuals within a collective.

Parliaments

This body typically consists of two chambers (e.g., House of Commons and House of Lords in the UK) and plays a crucial role in governance. Members are elected or appointed, and they debate, amend, and vote on proposed legislation. It also oversees the executive branch and represents the public's interests.

France (1st, 2nd, and 3rd Estates

These classes included the clergy, who held significant religious and political power; the nobility, who enjoyed privileges and wealth; and the commoners, comprising the majority of the population, who faced heavy taxation and limited rights. Tensions among these groups contributed to the French Revolution.

Great Schism (Avignon/3 popes)

A major division in the Catholic Church that began in 1378, when rival factions elected different popes, one in Rome and others in Avignon. This period saw three individuals claiming the papacy simultaneously, leading to confusion and conflict within the Church and weakening its authority. The schism was resolved in 1417 with the Council of Constance, restoring a single pope.

Long term impact: decline in papal power

A gradual reduction in the influence and authority of the papacy over European monarchs and state affairs, leading to the rise of national churches and increased secular governance. This shift contributed to the fragmentation of Christianity and the emergence of Protestant denominations.

Renaissance: Rebirth

This period marked significant cultural, artistic, and intellectual revival, characterized by figures like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, and innovations in perspective, humanism, and exploration.

Greco-Roman Ideals/Culture

Emphasizes the importance of reason, individualism, and civic responsibility. Celebrates human potential and achievements in arts, philosophy, and politics. Values physical beauty and athleticism, as seen in the Olympics. Merges influences from Greek and Roman traditions, fostering advancements in architecture, literature, and governance. Promotes the idea of a balanced life, integrating intellectual and physical pursuits.

Papal Banquet Menu

A Papal Banquet Menu typically includes a variety of dishes such as antipasti, pasta, fish, meats, and exquisite desserts, often accompanied by fine wines. It reflects the cultural heritage and culinary traditions of the host country, emphasizing elegance and hospitality.

Jacob Burkhardt

A Swiss historian known for his influential work on the Renaissance. He emphasized the cultural and social aspects of history, arguing that the period marked a significant shift in human consciousness and individuality. His major work, "The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy," highlights the interplay of art, politics, and society during this transformative era. He is considered a pioneer in cultural history and shaped modern historical methodology.

Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860)

This era, emerging in the 14th century and flourishing until the 17th century, emphasized humanism, classical learning, and innovation in various fields, leading to significant advancements in art, science, and philosophy. It laid the groundwork for modern Western civilization.

Italy/Home of the Renaissance

This country is known for its profound contributions to art, architecture, and science during the Renaissance. Key cities include Florence, Venice, and Rome, where figures like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Galileo shaped Western culture. The movement marked a shift from medieval to modern thinking, celebrating individualism and classical learning.

Florence/birthplace

A city in Italy known for its rich history, art, and architecture. It was the birthplace of the Renaissance and home to famous artists like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. The city features landmarks such as the Duomo, Uffizi Gallery, and Ponte Vecchio. It is also recognized for its influence on culture, politics, and trade during the Middle Ages.

The Renaissance Man (I’Uomo Universal)

How did Pico combine reverence for God with the typically Renaissance celebration of man.