AP: Euro Unit 1 Test Study Guide (copy)

What does the word “Renaissance” mean?

Rebirth of classical culture ; Italian

During the Renaissance Era, what was rediscovered?

Ancient Greek and Roman texts and philosophies. Italian

What is the Medieval form of learning, or educational system, known as? What was its focus?

Scholasticism is religion-based, traditional catholic theology and logic; writings and dogma. Italian

What are the 3 Main themes of the Renaissance?

Humanism, Secularism, Individualism; Italian

What does humanism mean? how is it reflected in the art of the Renaissance?

focuses on the unlimited potential of human beings as an end in themselves - human-centered thinking the human body is portrayed as a thing of beauty. Italian

What does the term secular mean, both literally and how it is understood? Was it a rejection of religion?

Means “of this world” and was nonreligious. Separation of religion from state affairs. It was not a Rejection of religion. Italian

How did Secularism- and Individualism- Present itself economically?

Through Banking, usury (lending money with interest), capitalism. Italian

What does the term “Naturalism” mean in Renaissance art?

means the true-to-life representation of life and nature with at least possible distortion or interpretation. also can be understood as Realism. Italian

what does individualism mean?

belief individual humans are capable of great accompaniments sought to enhance self-awareness. Itlaian

What are the two ways artists expressed Individualism?

Painting self-portraits and signing their paintings. Italian

where did the renaissance begin? Who coined the term?

In the northern Italian city-states (the Italian peninsula) specifically Florence. Georgio Vasari coined the term renasica, meaning rebirth. Italian

Who is known as the father of humanists?

Francesco Petrarch. Italian

What literary form is Petrarch considered responsible for reintroducing? What is one notable example?

The Epistle - a letter addressed to a private individual but meant for a public audience. Petrarch’s letter to Cicero and Ciceros “Letter to Atticus” Italian

What ancient roman works did Petrarch search tirelessly to uncover?

Cicero. Italian

what discovery changed Petrarch’s initial interpretation of this ancient scholar, and why? Did Petrarch admire this finding? Why?

discovers that Cicero was a partisan of the Roman Republic vv. Caesar’s Roman Empire. Yes, he admires Cicero's life as it engages citizens. Admired his eloquence/ use of Latin. He respects him for fighting back. Italian

what is philology? Who utilized this method to discredit the church?

Using the history and development of language to analyze texts (specifically Latin) Lorenzo Vala. Italian

In what way did Renaissance thinking reveal itself politically?

Civic humanism. used to develop political leaders. Italian

In what way did the education system evolve during the renaissance ? who was able to take advantage of this development ?

Liberal Arts, the Trivium. The elites were sons of nobles and wealthy merchants. Italian.

Why did renaissance students admire Greek and Roman political institutions?

Athens- the birthplace of democracy Roman Republic - representative government. Italian.

Who is considered the father of practical politics? What did he write, write, and what was his conclusion?

Nicolo Machiavelli - The Prince. It is better to be feared than loved. Italian

Who wrote the book of the Courtier? What is its primary purpose, and what label arose from it?

Baldisari Castiglione- the ideal education and qualities of a leader and those who advise the leader “The Renaissance Man” Italian

Who invented the printing press? What was the impact of this invention on Europe?

Johannes Gutenberg - writings, literature and knowledge widely spread/ mass production of books, Italian

Alongside of the invention of the printing press, what development led to the widespread increase in European literacy?  Explain.

Vernacular literature- the language used by ordinary people to increase the number of lay readers, people can read in their language, Italian

Who funded Renaissance artists?  What are these entities commonly known as?

The Church, Wealthy families, Medieval Guilds-Patrons of the arts, Italian

Why did those who funded these works do it?

wanted to be remembered as individuals for future generations, they created visual symbols of power as a way to display their wealth. Italian

The Italian Renaissance began in what is today Northern Italy.  What three city-states do we associate with this start?

Florence, Venice, Milan. Italian

What is one example of the violent and unstable political environment that existed in the Northern Italian peninsular region during the Renaissance Era?

Ciompi Revolt. Italian

How did the Medici Family earn their wealth?  Why were they able to become so rich within this industry?

They were bankers. They lend to all the money-hungry monarchs in Europe with interests. Italian

Why is the name “Medici” connected so firmly to the Renaissance?

They are the most famous patrons of this era. Italian

What did Cosimo de’ Medici commission Filippo Brunelleschi to build? What is the most notable feature of this structure?

In the Church of San Lorenzo, the dome was the most notable feature. Classical columns and rounded arches Renaissance architecture. Italian

What 2 words are best associated with Sandro Botticelli?  What do they display that emphasizes his primary artistic interest?

The Birth of Venus, and Primavera. Classical Mythology. Italian

What is the most notable stylistic development in Renaissance art?  Explain.

Perspective, geometric. All elements in a pointing converge with a single point in the distance. Italian

Alongside perspective, what characteristic, using shadows and light, created the perception of volume, and led to the three-dimensional appearance of Renaissance art?

Chiaroscuro, Italian

Where did the High Renaissance take place?  What three artists dominate this period?

Rome, Leonardo De Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo. Italian

What are two examples of da Vinci’s work?

Mona Lisa, The Last Supper. Itlaian

What are two works associated with the artist Michelangelo?

Sistine Chapel, David Statue, (creation of Adam), Italian

What is Raphael’s most famous work?  How does he reflect Renaissance themes in this particular piece?

the school of Athens. A gathering of philosophers, including Aristotle and Plato. In it, De Vinci, his most contemporary work. Italain

How does the emerging Baroque style diverge from the themes and styles reflected in Renaissance art?

(What it gives way to?) Provoke power, instill owe. Italian

What Ancient Roman familial structure was the norm during the Renaissance Era?

The Paterfamilias. Itlaian

What did Christine de Pizan argue for in The Treasure of the City of Ladies?

That women where valued participants in society and should be seen as such. Refuses “Masculine myths” Italian

How did Castiglione define the role of Renaissance women?

An Attractive, pleasing, educated ornament. Women provide the models of behavior for men. Italian.

What did the life of Isabella d’Este illustrate?

Becoming the patron of the arts was the most acceptable role for an educated renaissance woman. Italian

What historian is considered to have written the most influential account of the Italian Renaissance:  The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy?

Jacob Burckhardt. Italian

What region of Europe do Renaissance ideas, cultural developments, and new styles of learning travel to from their birthplace on the Italian Peninsula?

Western Europe. Northern

What is the Renaissance movement North fueled by?

Technological development through the printing press. Northern

How did the printing press contribute the development of national cultures in Europe?

Vernacular literature is now in the language of the people. Northern

What were the Northern Humanists more devoted to than their Italian counterparts, which is significant on the eve of the Protestant Reformation?

Religious Reforms. Northern

What societal ideal kept Renaissance Humanism from causing societal chaos?  Why?

The Paterfamilias, strong families create strong communities. Northern

What was the focus of the Humanities curriculum in new universities across Europe?

The Trivium: Grammar, Logic and Rhetoric. Northern

What is another name for Northern Humanists?  Why?  What sources did they emphasize alongside of classical ones?

Christian Humanists. They are going look to at early Christian Writings. Northern

Who is the most famous and influential Humanist of the Northern Renaissance, and what did he write?

The satire, In Praise of Folly. Northern

Why did Erasmus seek to reform the Church?  Specifically, how did he view the clergy?

He viewed them as immoral and not true representatives of the Christian Faith. Wanted to return to the simplicity of the church. Northern

Why did Sir Thomas More write Utopia?

Wrote it as a criticism of his society. Northern

What “revolution” allowed for the works and ideas of More, Erasmus, and Montaigne to spread rapidly across Europe?

The printing Revolution. Northern

What developed alongside the printing press that helped to shape national cultures?

Vernacular literature. Northern

What are the two primary differences between Italian and Northern Renaissance art?

More Religious, Includes normal people ordinary everyday people even lower class. Northern

What painting technique did Jan van Eyck perfect?  What is considered his masterpiece?

Oil painting, the adoration of the mystic lamb. Northern

What is so unique about the subjects of Pieter Brueghel the Elder’s paintings?

He painted peasants doing peasant things. Northern

Where did the most notable Western European cultural achievement take place in the 16th and early 17th centuries?  What is this development called, and what notable writer is considered synonymous with it?

England, the Elizabethan Renaissance, Shakespeare. Northern

What was the prevailing medical theory that existed up until the discovery of “germ theory” in the 19th century?  It was based on the idea that four elements combined in the body, and any illness or discontentment could be attributed back to a problem with one of them.

Galiens four Humors. Northern

What is the Geocentric Theory?  Who originally devised this theory?

Earth is the center of the universe and it was fixed. Ptolemy. Northern

What is the Heliocentric Theory?  Who developed this theory?  Did he enthusiastically share it?

The planets move around the sun. The sun is the center of the universe. Nicholas Copernicus. No. Northern

Why did religious opposition to Galileo’s findings arise?

The fixed nature of the earth was the prevailing interpretation of the scriptures. Heresy. Northern

What body investigated Galileo, and found him guilty of heresy?

The Roman Inquisition. Northern

What happened to Galileo after this verdict?

Put on house arrest for life. Northern