Plant Bio Ryan folk

botanist

scientist who studies plants

physiology of plants

shows things like seasonal change, anatomy etc

Morphology

structure of plants in biology

earliest known fossils

stromatolite, a microbial mat. still exist in nutrient devoid estuaries

Autotroph

an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.

Heterotroph

organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer

photosynthesis created

the ozone layer, which allows terrestrial life. Also created oxygen, allowing respiration

algae

Grow in soil, on trees and on the bodies of turtles and frogs; smallest of all green plants. technically protists

meristem

Plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for indeterminate growth.

primary growth

Growth produced by apical meristems, which lengthen stems and roots.

secondary growth

Growth produced by lateral meristems, which thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants.

cuticle

A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants.

stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move. usually can open and close on their own. Helps prevent water loss

xylem

vascular tissue that carries water, minerals, support and food storage, upward from the roots to every part of a plant. dead at maturity.

phloem

the vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves. carries nutrients, lipids, proteins, RNAs,and can be living or dead at maturity. Think:sap.

Biome

group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities

Ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. Stable, self regulating.

Phytoremediation

A method employed to clean up a hazardous waste site that uses plants to absorb and accumulate toxic materials

genetic engineering of plants

Plant crops have been genetically engineered to be resistant to diseases or produce bigger and better fruits. used to improve traits not possible by regular breeding.

hunter-gatherers

People who hunt animals and gather wild plants, seeds, fruits, and nuts to survive

forest gardening

Producing food from trees, perennial and annual plants in a system that mimics a natural forest. Limbo between agriculture and hunter-gatherer.

Domestication

the process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans

Agricultural Revolution

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering. Slow transition rather than the original slow burst that was proposed.

centers of domestication

discrete areas of the world where a number of different plant and animal species were first domesticated, such as chili peppers in mesoamerica. Before colonization, there were no chiles in India!

Cultivars

a plant variety that has been produced in cultivation by selective breeding. PURPOSELY MADE BY HUMANS

landrace

a cultivar adapted to local conditions but not necessarily purposefully made by humans

nitrogen

limiting nutrient in agriculture.

industrialized cultivars

are favored in agriculture, which can take away genetic diversity related to disease resistance.

grains come from

the grass family

pseudograins

Grass seeds used in the same way as true cereal grains, often serving as a replacement (e.g., ground into flour or consumed as porridge) - examples include amaranth, buckwheat, and quinoa. In the amaranthe family

Temperate fruits

apples raspberries apricots, grows in a cool or cold climate.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Green Revolution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

Bioprospecting

the search for plant and animal species from which medicinal drugs and other commercially valuable compounds can be obtained.

Carbohydrates

the starches and sugars present in foods

lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

nucleic acids

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. RNA, DNA, free nucleotides form ATP

proteins

Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues. strings of amino acids.

Hydrophilic

Attracted to water, dissolvable in water.

monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules, made of one monomer.

Disaccharide

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

starch is for

storage of glucose.

sucrose is for

transport within plants.

cellulose

A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms.

hydrophobic

Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.

cutin

The main component of the waxy cuticle covering leaves to minimize water loss

suberin

Fatty material found in the cell walls of cork/bark tissue and in the Casparian strip of the endodermis

sterols

compounds containing a four-ring carbon structure with any of a variety of side chains attached.

Phytoestrogens

plant sources of estrogen

peptide bond

The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

primary structure

The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.

secondary structure

The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.

tertiary structure

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

quaternary structure

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

disulfide bridges

A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.

Denaturation

loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor

potassium channels

when potassium ions move through channels to create energy to move ions into the roots actively

Enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing, or a catalyst

Nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Deoxyribose

A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides, missing one OH group compared to Ribose

Seconary metabolites

Complex compounds that are not directly involved in basic life processes

Why do plants have more secondary metabolites?

It helps them survive herbivores, pathogens, competition with other plants and signaling.

Alkaloids

organic bases found in plants that are often poisonous. Think Caffeine, morphine, Theobromine, etc.

Terpenoids

- derived from terpenes via oxygenation or backbone rearrangement
- have odorous characteristic
volatile compounds; produce vapors at room temperature

phenolics

-Destroy vegetative bacteria, fungi, and some viruses
-Able to act in the presence of organic matter
-Too toxic to use as antiseptics

Flavonoids

phytochemicals found in fruits, vegetables, tea, nuts, and seeds,

Lignin

complex polymer that hardens cell walls of some vascular tissues in plants. Responsible for wood resistance in environments

Tannins

compounds in tea and coffee that bind iron. Responsible for bitter flavor

Copigmentation

Anthocyanins interact with
themselves and other colorless cofactors to provide color beyond
what would be expected from themselves.

Plant cell differences

cell wall, chloroplast, large vacuole

cytoplasmic streaming

The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's contents.

nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts

In a plant cell, DNA may be found

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Polyploid

having three or more of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species

Thylakoid

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.

Chloroplast

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy. Also called plastids

stroma

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

grana

the stacks of thylakoids embedded in the stroma of a chloroplast.

Arabidopsis thaliana

Thale-Cress Plant (for plant molecular genetics studies)

circular genome

mitochondrial genome

chromoplasts

type of plastid that stores pigments that are responsible for the bright colors in fruit and flowers

Leucoplasts

Organelles that store starches or oils

Proplastids

Small, often colorless, membrane sacs that can divide and can mature into functional plastids.

cristae

Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.

mitochondria

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. also has a role in programmed cell death

endosymbiotic theory

a theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes

how many membranes around a chloroplast?

2

Photorespiration

A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, generates no ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide.

Tonoplast

A membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the cell sap

Vacuole function

Store a variety of things such as water, nutrients, or waste products. Larger in plant cells

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Vescicles

Small membrane bubbles that move molecules around the cell

actin filaments

protein fibers that play a role in movement of cell and organelles

Microtubules

Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure. made of tubulin

Plasmodesmata

An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells

mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

G1 phase

The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.

S phase

The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.