Studied by 0 peoplebotanist
scientist who studies plants
physiology of plants
shows things like seasonal change, anatomy etc
Morphology
structure of plants in biology
earliest known fossils
stromatolite, a microbial mat. still exist in nutrient devoid estuaries
Autotroph
an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.
Heterotroph
organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer
photosynthesis created
the ozone layer, which allows terrestrial life. Also created oxygen, allowing respiration
algae
Grow in soil, on trees and on the bodies of turtles and frogs; smallest of all green plants. technically protists
meristem
Plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for indeterminate growth.
primary growth
Growth produced by apical meristems, which lengthen stems and roots.
secondary growth
Growth produced by lateral meristems, which thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants.
cuticle
A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants.
stomata
Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move. usually can open and close on their own. Helps prevent water loss
xylem
vascular tissue that carries water, minerals, support and food storage, upward from the roots to every part of a plant. dead at maturity.
phloem
the vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves. carries nutrients, lipids, proteins, RNAs,and can be living or dead at maturity. Think:sap.
Biome
group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities
Ecosystem
A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. Stable, self regulating.
Phytoremediation
A method employed to clean up a hazardous waste site that uses plants to absorb and accumulate toxic materials
genetic engineering of plants
Plant crops have been genetically engineered to be resistant to diseases or produce bigger and better fruits. used to improve traits not possible by regular breeding.
hunter-gatherers
People who hunt animals and gather wild plants, seeds, fruits, and nuts to survive
forest gardening
Producing food from trees, perennial and annual plants in a system that mimics a natural forest. Limbo between agriculture and hunter-gatherer.
Domestication
the process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans
Agricultural Revolution
The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering. Slow transition rather than the original slow burst that was proposed.
centers of domestication
discrete areas of the world where a number of different plant and animal species were first domesticated, such as chili peppers in mesoamerica. Before colonization, there were no chiles in India!
Cultivars
a plant variety that has been produced in cultivation by selective breeding. PURPOSELY MADE BY HUMANS
landrace
a cultivar adapted to local conditions but not necessarily purposefully made by humans
nitrogen
limiting nutrient in agriculture.
industrialized cultivars
are favored in agriculture, which can take away genetic diversity related to disease resistance.
grains come from
the grass family
pseudograins
Grass seeds used in the same way as true cereal grains, often serving as a replacement (e.g., ground into flour or consumed as porridge) - examples include amaranth, buckwheat, and quinoa. In the amaranthe family
Temperate fruits
apples raspberries apricots, grows in a cool or cold climate.
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
Green Revolution
Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.
Bioprospecting
the search for plant and animal species from which medicinal drugs and other commercially valuable compounds can be obtained.
Carbohydrates
the starches and sugars present in foods
lipids
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
nucleic acids
macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. RNA, DNA, free nucleotides form ATP
proteins
Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues. strings of amino acids.
Hydrophilic
Attracted to water, dissolvable in water.
monomer
A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
Monosaccharides
Single sugar molecules, made of one monomer.
Disaccharide
A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides
starch is for
storage of glucose.
sucrose is for
transport within plants.
cellulose
A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms.
hydrophobic
Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.
cutin
The main component of the waxy cuticle covering leaves to minimize water loss
suberin
Fatty material found in the cell walls of cork/bark tissue and in the Casparian strip of the endodermis
sterols
compounds containing a four-ring carbon structure with any of a variety of side chains attached.
Phytoestrogens
plant sources of estrogen
peptide bond
The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid
primary structure
The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.
secondary structure
The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.
tertiary structure
The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.
quaternary structure
The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.
disulfide bridges
A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.
Denaturation
loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor
potassium channels
when potassium ions move through channels to create energy to move ions into the roots actively
Enzyme
A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing, or a catalyst
Nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
Deoxyribose
A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides, missing one OH group compared to Ribose
Seconary metabolites
Complex compounds that are not directly involved in basic life processes
Why do plants have more secondary metabolites?
It helps them survive herbivores, pathogens, competition with other plants and signaling.
Alkaloids
organic bases found in plants that are often poisonous. Think Caffeine, morphine, Theobromine, etc.
Terpenoids
derived from terpenes via oxygenation or backbone rearrangement
have odorous characteristic volatile compounds; produce vapors at room temperature
phenolics
-Destroy vegetative bacteria, fungi, and some viruses -Able to act in the presence of organic matter -Too toxic to use as antiseptics
Flavonoids
phytochemicals found in fruits, vegetables, tea, nuts, and seeds,
Lignin
complex polymer that hardens cell walls of some vascular tissues in plants. Responsible for wood resistance in environments
Tannins
compounds in tea and coffee that bind iron. Responsible for bitter flavor
Copigmentation
Anthocyanins interact with themselves and other colorless cofactors to provide color beyond what would be expected from themselves.
Plant cell differences
cell wall, chloroplast, large vacuole
cytoplasmic streaming
The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's contents.
nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts
In a plant cell, DNA may be found
Nucleolus
Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
Polyploid
having three or more of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species
Thylakoid
A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.
Chloroplast
organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy. Also called plastids
stroma
The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
grana
the stacks of thylakoids embedded in the stroma of a chloroplast.
Arabidopsis thaliana
Thale-Cress Plant (for plant molecular genetics studies)
circular genome
mitochondrial genome
chromoplasts
type of plastid that stores pigments that are responsible for the bright colors in fruit and flowers
Leucoplasts
Organelles that store starches or oils
Proplastids
Small, often colorless, membrane sacs that can divide and can mature into functional plastids.
cristae
Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.
mitochondria
An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. also has a role in programmed cell death
endosymbiotic theory
a theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes
how many membranes around a chloroplast?
2
Photorespiration
A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, generates no ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide.
Tonoplast
A membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the cell sap
Vacuole function
Store a variety of things such as water, nutrients, or waste products. Larger in plant cells
Golgi apparatus
A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell
Vescicles
Small membrane bubbles that move molecules around the cell
actin filaments
protein fibers that play a role in movement of cell and organelles
Microtubules
Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure. made of tubulin
Plasmodesmata
An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells
mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
G1 phase
The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.
S phase
The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
Note
Flashcard