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17 Terms

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Western Culture
The roots of modern Western civilization, shaped primarily by Ancient Greece, Rome, and Judeo-Christian beliefs.
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Patriotism
In classical Greece and Rome, patriotism was linked to civic duty, participation in public life, and the defense of one's city-state or empire.
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Abraham
The Father of the Hebrew people and the founder of the covenant between God and the Jewish people, whose faith laid the foundation for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
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Moses
Leader of the Exodus, who brought the Israelites from Egypt to the Promised Land and received the Ten Commandments.
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Davidic Covenant
A promise that a future Messiah would come from King David's lineage.
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Destruction of the Second Temple
The event in 70 AD that marks the official divergence of Judaism and Christianity.
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Greek Philosophy
The study of fundamental questions regarding existence, knowledge, ethics, and reason that began in ancient Greece.
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Socratic Method
A form of cooperative argumentative dialogue that stimulates critical thinking and exposes contradictions through asking questions.
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The Theory of Forms
Plato's idea that the physical world is a shadow of a higher reality consisting of abstract forms.
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Four Causes
Aristotle's concept that everything has four aspects: material, formal, efficient, and final.
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Eudaimonia
Greek concept of happiness defined as flourishing through the pursuit of virtue.
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Stoicism
A philosophy that emphasizes achieving happiness through virtue and the acceptance of fate.
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Pax Romana
A period of relative peace and stability throughout the Roman Empire.
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Edict of Milan
The 313 AD decree that legalized Christianity and ended persecution in the Roman Empire.
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Byzantine Empire
The Eastern Roman Empire that preserved Roman law, culture, and Christianity after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
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The Quran
The holy book of Islam, believed to be the word of God revealed to Muhammad.
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Islamic Golden Age
A period during which Muslim civilizations made significant advancements in science, mathematics, and philosophy.